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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the North American Indian Nations Map of 1750 tell us about white settlers? |
-it shows the native countries throughout "America" -the green area on the map shows white population settlements -the political boundaries do not correlate with where the white pop. was living -shows why maps can be misleading |
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Ben Franklin estimated that the white population of the colonies was doubling every _____ years? Why is that important? |
-20 years -He believed there would soon be so many white people in the colonies that they would become a strong part of the English Nation |
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How many colonists were settled in the "green area" (north american indian nations map) in 1750. How many were there by the time of the American Revolution in 1775? Who predicted this growth rate? |
-1750 = 1.5 million -1775 = 3 million -Benjamin Franklin |
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Was the American population growing in geographic area or in density? |
-did not expand or encroach that much into native lands -they were filling up the existing "green" areas with more and more white farms -increasing density of population |
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Generally, the southern white population is largely ____________ (ethnicity). |
-English |
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What was the ethnic breakdown of Pennsylvania? |
-Scottish or German |
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What was the ethic breakdown of New England? |
-English (durr) |
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New Hampshire had pockets of what ethnic group? |
-Scottish |
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Why was the population growing so quickly? |
-Immigration and Birth |
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How many people immigrated to the colonies between 1740-1770? |
-a quarter of a million people -250,000
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What kind of people immigrated to the colonies usually? |
-single, unattached men or small poor families |
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What was "The Head Right" and how does it link to colonial immigration? |
-immigrants were promised land in the colonies in the form of a head grant, the size of which was contingent on how many people you brought over -the empire was giving away land because they wanted to have people settling/farming/filling up the huge amounts of "green space" |
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Why did the Americans have so many children? (High birthrate) |
-white women married 2-4 years younger in the colonies than in Britain (more child bearing years) -miscarriage rate is lower because of better nutrition (ex. its normal to eat meat) -almost everyone gets married (less bachelors) |
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Why did Benjamin Franklin argue that the French were literally killing American unborn babies? |
-the french had a ring of forts on the Ohio river that would (according to Franklin) infringe upon the American's ability to grow |
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***What was Lord Hardwick's Act of 1753?
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-it was an act passed in Britain which allowed parents to annul their children's marriages up to the age of 21. -in response to a moral panic about the effects of romance novels and the cult of romantic love -concerns about couples following lust rather than love, leading to innocent girls getting seduced and this must be stopped |
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What was the principle source of American power? |
-people (more people) -aka. fertility rate/immigration |
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Who wrote "Commentaries on the Laws of England"? |
-William Blackstone |
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What does Blackstone's "Commentaries on the Laws of England" talk about? |
-talks about the common laws of England -Blackstone says that the areas that England has under its control (surrounding islands, adjoining territories, colonies etc) have British law extend to them |
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***How is Blackstone not really sure about the Americans? |
-? "William Blackstone's Confusion"; what is the confusion about? |
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Which nation did Blackstone describe as a "dependant kingdom" of Britain? |
-Ireland -"separate but dependant" -British laws extended to them |
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***Did Blackstone think the American colonies were subjects of the British king? Were they subject to British law? |
-the plantations in America are subjects to english law (***why?) -the colonies are certainly subjects of the King, blackstone didn't question this. -the American colonial government is reproduced by that of England (***?) |
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What and when were "New England's Holy Wars"? Why were they so brutal? |
-1700s -between the white settlers and the natives -"we are surrounded by the godless, we will fight a merciless war -"tawny skinned devils" -the warfare was more brutal because they were not fighting what they thought were godless/savages who would kill them all |
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***How did William Penn establish a truce with the natives in Pennsylvania? |
-? |
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How was the New Englanders self identity shaped by their interaction with the native population? |
-they engage in brutal warfare which is different from the "civilized" warfare between British and French -they are not responsible to behave in a civilized fashion with natives who dont obey any laws -they fear their lives (and those of their women and children) are constantly at risk -leads to the "state of nature" argument |
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***Why did war break out in Pennsylvania in 1750 against the natives? |
-immigrants coming from scottland/ireland settled on native land because they felt it was their right (***holy war?) -the british imperial office did not approve of settling on native land, but they were not there to enforce that rule |
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Why did the southern colonies experience constant warfare with the natives on a greater scale than the north? |
-South Carolina and North Carolina were enslaving natives -unlimited violence between settlers and natives because both viewed it as a battle to protect their families from being wiped out |
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Up until what year did the colonies have more native slaves than black slaves? |
-1710 |
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Why did the colonies (and Blackstone) believe that they were different than other civilized nations? |
-unlimited violence between settlers and natives |
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How did Vattel's "The Law of Nations" lead to the statement "slavery had been happily banished from Europe"? |
-civilized nations were not allowed to kill POWs anymore, eliminating the prior legal justification for slavery as "deferred death" -slavery wasn't outlawed, you just cant take any more captives |
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Were slave owners pro, or anti-government? |
-come across as anti-government, but in reality they needed extensive legal and legislative support in order to maintain slavery |
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Why did the colonies (particularly the elites) become more British before the revoltion? |
-elites increasingly made up of british and common law people -1720-1730s members of the assemblies went to colleges where they studied the same books/had the same experiences and thought of themselves increasingly as british -read british books = identify as british |
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What were the colonial assemblies? Why were they created? |
-created because the royal governors lacked things to give to their friends (no power) -assemblies made of people born in the colonies -they had the power to redistribute land -seen as the elites of their areas -you needed lots of land to participate in the assemblies |
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Who were the "first families in new england?" |
-colonial assemblies -redistribute land -certain families dominated these assemblies |
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Who were the "weighty friends" in Pennsylvania? |
-colonial assemblies |
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Why was virginia's gentry in decline? What group of people increasingly made up the assemblies? |
-decline in tobacco production = declining prestige of the elites -more and more ulsterman apart of the assembly (irish province) |
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What was Charleston's elite's claim to fame? |
-they got rich almost overnight -to grow rice you need a seaside property, so the few that did have those plots of land got super rich |
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What is "whig tradition"? |
-british celebrated, whig tradition is against centralized power, the power of the courts, and the power of London -common to have radical strains of whig thinking -the radical side appealed to the colonies living in the midst of slavery - rising militant behaviour -increasing economic ties to britain but they dont know exactly what they are |
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How many people were living in South Carolina in 1760? What percentage of them were enslaved? |
-94,000 people -60% enslaved (*** or 90%?) -black majority |
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Why did South Carolina not speculate or try to settle westward? |
-south carolina was a commodity colony based on rice. -rice can only be grown in saltwater marshes, which exists along the ocean only -the elites that owned these waterfront land plots are sitting pretty |
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Why was North Carolina so different from South Carolina? |
-didn't have any good ports so they couldnt become a commodity crop colony -no strong political centre -they grow "timber products" that they can exchange with other colonies -land is cheaper, so it attracts poor people and outcasts |
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What was the Stono Rebellion of 1739? |
-slave uprising/rebellion in South Carolina -slaves killed a few cruel masters, stole weapons and tried to make it to spanish florida) -south carolina blamed Spanish Florida priests for this; said they were inciting slaves to rise up and kill elites -were promised land and freedom under spanish rule, to escaped british slaves -SC elite posy kill them all and stopped the rebellion |
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Why did so many people choose to immigrate to Virginia? How did this plan backfire for many of those elites? |
-in virginia they got a high head tax and decent quantity of land, which made it desirable to elites -growing tobacco was hard on the land, and growing the tobacco became less valuable than the slaves they had working the land. -moved there to cut costs, but now they arn't making bank in the same way due to poor soil
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How many people lived in Virginia in 1760? What percentage were enslaved? |
-34,000 -40% enslaved |
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How many people lived in New England and New France in 1760? What population was enslaved? |
-450,000 -less than 5% enslaved |
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What was the most influential factor in shaping New England culture? |
-the experience of native warfare (aligned often with the french?) |
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***Where did the New England'ers view as "a place of tyranny aligned with savages"? |
-Canada |
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How is the expulsion of the Acadians an example of British failed colonial authority? |
-they were expelled because they were living on lands that were ambiguous to the imperialists -the objectives of the british were totally out of line with the people actually living there |
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What was Long King's Massacre of 1960? |
-group of north irish settlers had gotten their head right grants to somewhere in SC, the empire didn't tell them where to go, so they settled on native land in the back country -they were killed in march 1960 on their way to georgia -empire had no maps or surveys or plan about settlers which led to native disputes |
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What was Frances/Britains advantages when it comes to warfare? |
-France = higher population -Britain = can better pay for the war |
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Why was Britain better suited to pay for war than the French? |
-french monarch operated on credit (loans), they only tax spike during war -in britain there are always taxes -Bank of England (earliest means of capitalism) -more powerful state is tied to a strong financial backing system |
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When was the 7-Years war? |
-1756-1763 |
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Why was George Washington sent to survey lands north to the Ohio River Valley around 1750? How did this start the 7-Years-War? |
-north america was dependant on britain for food, so british surveyors were sent to investigate more land for farms -washington found some french and tried to chase them off with a native guide. the british lost the french, but the natives scalped the french, starting a war. |
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Describe the 3 years of borderland violence in Pennsylvania from 1754-1757? |
-started by Benjamin Franklin on his surveying mission -natives went to destroy Ulster settlements because their cows and pigs had destroyed native lands (an eye for an eye) -groups of 5-10 natives would attack pennsylvanian settlements in the morning and kill everyone in the house
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What was Fort Necessity? |
-George Washington's fort in Pennsylvania -he lost the battle there to the natives and the french |
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Who was William Pitt and how did his fiscal policy lead to a wave of British nationalism in the colonies? |
-Prime Minister in Britain 1754 -tells the colonies to spend as much as they need to win the war, even though they are 100% in debt already -enabled the british to beat the french at the Plains of Abraham -victory led to a wave of British nationalism in the colonies |
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What was "Pontiac's Rebellion"? |
-1763-1765 -native tribes in the great lake region were pissed about british postwar policies (after winning the territory from the french) so they united and burned down a ton of british forts -tried to drive out british soldiers and settlers -brutal violence against colonial settlers |
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What is surprising about the reactions to the 1760s efforts to reorganize the empire? |
-there were tons of social stresses that exploded but they werent always directed at the crown -tried to create western boundaries and reorganize the colonies to crack down on smuggling |
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What was the urban population in 1770 of: |
-Philadelphia - 40,000 -New York - 25,000 -Boston - 18,000 -Charleston - 12,000 -London - 1,000,000 |
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Why is it more accurate to describe the colonial population centres as small cities rather than small towns? |
-because their ethnic complexity and population density is more similar to london than to a small town -they are developing in ways characteristic of urban britain |
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****What are some urban institutions being developed in colonial towns in the 1770s? |
-early modern families use forks -coffee houses (came from imperial colonies in the caribbean, houses of male sociability) -modern freemasons -"caucus" - boston, 1920s |
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Describe the concentration of wealth in Boston in 1770. |
Richest 10%: 60% total wealth Poorest 30% : 2% total wealth -a few rich people have a ton, a large amount of people have very little |
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Describe the concentration of wealth in Philidelphia in 1770. |
Richest 10%: 70% total wealth Poorest 30% : 1% total wealth -a few rich people have a fuckton, a large amount of people have very ******* little |
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Describe the concentration of wealth in Rural New England and Pennsylvania in 1770. |
Richest 10%: 25-35% and stable Poorest 30% : 5-10% and stable -the gap between the super rich and the super poor was smaller than in Philidelphia or Boston |
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Were wealthier people in favour of hard money or paper money? |
-wealthy individuals wanted to restrict the money supply and have money in the form of coin/legally binding notes -didn't approve of colonial printed money because it made it hard to get paid back for debts |
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Looking at the breakdowns of concentrations of wealth among the population of sea ports and cities, what conclusions can we draw? |
-all cities and sea ports have a more diverse, unequal society and economies than rural areas |
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Describe the economy of Charleston? Why was it seen as part of the Caribbean, not British North America? |
-essentially a plantation depot -took in crops (sugar) from the carribean slave commodity colonies to be sent to britain -took in rice, grain and fish to feed the slave population -wealthy artisans and black/white day laborers -not really involved with the city around it |
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Describe the population centers of Philidelphia and New York. |
-"miniature londons" -1/4 of people would live there at some point -diverse populations - lots of scots, natives, new arrivals, immigrant -attracted political exiles and religious extremists |
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How does Boston differ from population centers like Philly and NY? |
-is a provincial centre like Glasgow, as opposed to a diverse sea port -ethically homogenous -all yankees, very little immigration -deep connections to the surrounding country side |
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What was the 1764 Currency Act and why did it make the urban population of British North America mad? |
-attempt to stop british merchants from accepting colonial currency (paper money) -made it harder for colonialists to pay their debts/taxes |
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What was the Navigations Act (1760?) and why did it's enforcement make the urban population of British North America mad? |
-prohibited the colonies from being allowed to trade with the french -if you violated this act you are sent to big-scary-nova-scotia to be tried -the currency act and the navigations act made it hard for americans to have any control over their own exports |
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Who was Thomas Hutchison and why was his house being broken into and destroyed in 1765 relevant? |
-indicated the extreme frustration at the time with british taxation, tax collection, and the british -he was a british loyalist governor in Boston -happened at the same time as a group of slaves ran through the streets in boston shouting liberty to the slaves |
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How did the American Whigs react to the protests and "urban mob" activity? Did the American Whigs have the same desires for change as the protestors? |
-local whig elites announced that they had nothing to do with the protests/"urban mob" -they believed democracy and mob violence are one and the same -aligned themselves with the british -didnt want any change the the social/racial order -said groups of slaves on the streets of charleston can be shot, captured or fined |
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Were the local artisans supportive of the protestors or the whig elite in terms of revolutionary ideals? |
-whig elite - they also did not want a revolution -they especially didnt want slaves claiming freedom because it destroyed their business -artisans are connected by their grievances |
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What two things lead to the Whig continental elite taking form? |
-committees of correspondence -sons of liberties |
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What are Committees of Correspondence? |
-shadow governments organized by the patriot leaders which would share plans and coordinate responses to the british -by 1773 they were more important than colonial legislature and royal officials -organized the first continental congress -rallied around common causes and made plans for collective action |
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Who were the "Sons of Liberty"? |
-secret organization of patriots who opposed british taxation and law -most notable for executing the boston tea party in response to new taxes coming out |
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Where were there regulators because the state was too lenient? Where were there regulators because the state was being unjust? |
-South Carolina = regulators took law into their own hands because the british government wasn't doing enough -North Carolina = regulators took law into their own hands because the british government was interfering too much |
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How did "regulations" originate in the 1640s? What did the term come to mean? |
-people adopted this term, it didnt begin as a revolutionary phrase -as a regulator, the aim is to return society to an imagined past where things worked better and stuff was more just -called on the elites to take on the burden to take care of and look after the poor, not exploit them -2 distinct movements in the carolinas in 1760s |
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Define society. |
-how things are happening outside the household but also below the direct control of the state -key factor of society is that it is not coerced -aka commercial society but more commonly known as civil society |
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Define commercial order. |
-commercial order is the order of civil society |
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Who was John Locke? What did he think about civil society, commercial order and the government. |
-english philosopher and the "father of liberalism" -wrote in the 1680s -totally opposed to the french and absolutist governments -less coercive, more productive -commercial order will induce civil society |
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What does Adam Smith's 1776 "The Wealth of Nations" say about government intervention in the market? |
-scottish economist and moral philosopher -opposed to government intervention in the marketplace -you have to invest in property to successfully achieve control over commercial matters without government intervention -free trade comes after commercial order
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What does it mean to have "Property in Things" as opposed to "Property in Action" in terms of British Property Regimes ca. 1750 |
Property in Things = real estate (barns, homes, land), personal estate (furniture, livestock, income, slaves, *money) |
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Where was the first NY stock exchange? Why is that relevant? |
-a coffee shop -as part of the commercial society, people were taking it into their own hands to redistribute "property" aka stocks |
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Who was Henry McCullough? |
-massive land holder in North Carolina -there is no sense of pride in the colony, people are just there to exploit the land and people -low tax on the heads of the family
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How many debt collection legal cases went to court in Orange County, North Carolina in 1755 vs. 1765? |
1755: 7 cases (0 involving lawyers) 1765: 111 cases (35 involving lawyers) |
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Why the increase in debt collection/legal cases in North Carolina in the 1760s? |
-more debt because more people need to take out credit due to the 1763 currency act (no colonial paper money accepted by the british) -more and more people need to go to court, pay court fees and lawyer fees -surrender real estate if they cant pay -lawyers move into north carolina to capitalize on the situation (buy land cheap from repo's) |
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How many lawyers were there in all of North Carolina in 1750 vs. 1770? |
-1750 = 5 -1770 = 45 |
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What was the cause of a large scale social rebellion in North Carolina around 1760ish? |
-tons of land was being surrendered when debts started to be collected by the lawyers -people bought land and had the paper which said they owned it (commercial society supported) -farmers on the land says that they own it because they lived there |
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Who was William Tryon and how did "Tryons Palace" encourage the North Carolina regulators uprising in 1766? |
-british governor of North Carolina -used tax money (and wanted more taxes) to build a lavish mansion for himself to live in -Sandy Creek Association initially ran regulators for office just to they would oppose Tryon -regulators opposed Tryon and the political economy |
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What was the Sandy Creek Association? How do they fit into the regulator movement? |
-first large scale grass roots organization in North Carolina -opposed Tryon (british governor), taxation, debt collection and the political economic climate -wanted no lawyers and fixed lawyer fees -argued for paper money (to help their debts) -regulators were supported by 3 NC back country population majorities |
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What was the Battle of Alamance Creek in May 1771? |
-government army vs. 3000 regulators -royal government army won in collusion with the whig elite -commercial society vs. new jerusalem(?) |
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Which colony was the only british jurisdiction that didnt have a vagrancy act? |
-South Carolina |
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How did the South Carolina regulators differ from those in North Carolina? |
-their regulators were not rebels, but vigilantes -british government liked the regulators, didnt fight them |
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What was the regulator movement in South Carolina? |
-vigilante justice; law in their own hands -slave owners had a sense of pride in their state because their money from cash crops (tax?) was going into things like roads and bridges -the british gov. didnt open more courts/jails -elites organized posses of property owning people to lynch vagrants, mixed race couples, debtors and petty criminals |
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(***)Who was Herman Husband and how was he involved with the regulator movement at the Sandy Creek Association? |
-farmer, radical, preacher in NC -he held a lot of land but he challenged the carolina government to go against the NC elite |
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Were presbyterian ministers in North Carolina for or against the regulator movement? |
-against the regulator movement |
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What was the most relevant form of authority the colonies? |
-the household! -household governance and the authority of the head of that household |
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What is a legal dependant? |
-wife, child, servants, slaves |
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What percentage of people in British North America in 1774 were legal dependants? What percentage of England and Wales were in 1775? |
-BNA = 80% in 1774 -England and Wales = 68% in 1775 -4/5 of the people in the colonies are legal dependants |
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What percentage of the adult population was servants or slaves in BNA in 1774 vs. England and Wales in 1775? |
-BNA = 26% in 1774 -England and Wales = 7% in 1775
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Why were there more legal dependants in the colonies? |
-direct motive to have slaves/servants/children because the more heads you have the more land you get -more children, more wives -slave society -the whole society of the colonies was run by heads of households |
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What was the power of the Heads of Households? |
-husband has the right to their dependants labor -right to obedience and moderate correction (ex. rule of thumb) -legal dependants cannot quit the household |
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What is chattel slavery? |
-people as property |
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What is Partus Sequitur Ventrem? |
-slave status derives from the mother (matrilineal, not patriarchal as was typical for all other inheritance) -meant that the children of slave women would always be slaves, even if the father was free |
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What does it mean to own land in "fee simple"? The majority of HOH's owned their land in fee simple in BNA; how does this effect their sons? |
-fee simple = you own it in a modern sense, it is yours and you can do what you want with it -father could cut you out of the will and you would get no inheritance which led to younger generations trying to please their parents
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What effect did the Great Awakening of the 1740s have? |
-created a number of dissenter churches in different dissenter congregations -evangelical movement - made religion deeply personal and less based on hierarchy, ritual or sacrament -better to be moral than pious |
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**How did the Whig alliance inadvertently become the revolutionary elite? |
-did NOT argue for independence from the start -wanted paper money to count and not labour (?) -became increasingly religiously liberal, conserned with virtue and ethics |
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What was the domestic manufacturing movement in the colonies? Why is it important? |
-rebuked the british colonies dominance over trade by producing their own home made goods -"spinners and weavers"; virtuous women making cloth; women at the forefront of agitation -arnt acting as a colony should because they made their own clothes -non-consumption of british goods seen as virtuous because they made it themselves |
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What was the Boston Tea Party? How is it tied to the British East India Company and the 1773 Tea Act? |
-executed by the Sons of Liberty (radical Whigs) in response to the 1773 Tea Act which gave the British East India Company a monopoly over tea -they snuck on board the ship and threw the tea into the harbour -in response the Brits started acting like the evil, oppressive power that propaganda made them out to be (intolerable acts) |
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What were the Intolerable Acts? |
-acts passed in 1774 by the british government in response to the boston tea party -closing of the harbours -took away Massachusetes ability to self-govern and its historic rights -made Britain seem like the oppressive power that previously only a few radical groups had viewed them as |
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Describe the First Continental Congress of September-October 1774. |
-attended by 54 delegated of 12 provinces -Georgia didnt attend because they wanted british support in their native wars -met in Pennsylvania -in response to the intolerable acts of 1774 -sent a petition to the british crown in protest btu it was ignored, so they planned a 2nd continental congress |
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***What was the Quiet Revolution of 1774-1775? |
-? |
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Which colonies "love liberty and hate equality"? What does this mean in terms of those states support for the whigs? |
-Georgia and South Carolina -were afraid that the monarchy would try to abolish slavery -at the same time, needed the empire to protect them from their own property (cant be in a state of nature) -didnt take the final step towards revolution |
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Who was Tom Paine and how did he "fall in hate with the British"? |
-british quaker, anti-slavery -learned about the atrocities british soldiers committed in asia (collecting taxes in south east asia and this was increasing the Bengal famime; raping and pillaging) -concluded that britain couldnt be seen as civilized, they were savage bullies |
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What was Tom Paine's role in the American Revolution? |
-got a job as a newspaper editor (thanks to a recomendation from Ben Franklin) after he moved to America -wrote about how british killed people in their own homes, spread terror through the countryside (anti-british propaganda pieces) -his thesis: monarchy is stupid, immoral and unholy |
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Who was Thomas Jefferson? What was his belief about nature? |
-Virginian, grew up in a slave owning society -lawyer, studied medicine, and designed a plow? -believed nature and all its things want us to be happy and will us to be harmonious -deeply racist, natural right theorist -thought men were "free and equal"; except they dropped the free part and kept it as all men are created equal |
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Did the British incite the natives to attack? |
-short answer, yeah |
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The Cherokee allied with the British in 1730, what were the terms of this alliance? |
-cherokee agreed to only trade with the british -would not allow any spanish or french to establish a fort on their land -trade between britain and cherokee was highly profitable -british failure to provide promised goods for military assistance led to conflict |
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When did the Cherokee officially declare war on the British? |
-1759 |
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What did the British Royal Proclamation of 1763 and how does it relate to relations with the natives? |
-after the end of the 7-years war, the proclamation was made which prohibited settlers from settling past a line drawn along the appalacian mountains -the british (as a state) wanted the cherokees as allies so this was to please them |
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(***)Why was the Watauga settlement a point of contention in native-anglo relations? |
(?) |
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Why was the Transylvania Company's purchase of Cherokee lands (cumberland river valley and modern day kentucky) in 1775 controversial? |
-transylvania company believed the purchase was legal because the cherokee leaders agreed -was illegal because it violated virginian and north carolinan law, as well as the royal proclimation of 1763 -the purchase was negated but there was already conflict stirring |
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What was the significance of the American Cherokee War? |
-Alexandar Cameron put into power -cherokee reunited with the british -colonies are realizing they still struggle with the proclamation line of 1763 (british controlling their land expansion) |
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How was New England a lot like Scotland? |
-cold, ethnically homogenous, highly literate, distinctive region from its surroundings -similar family network in towns -its seen as a threat by Britain because its not set up in a colonial economy; its a regional place with its own way of doing things |
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In 1774-1775, where did the british empire view as a threat? |
-New England, paticularly Boston |
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Why was the New England household dominated by farming, skills and trade? How was this life threatened by increased population? |
-didn't have super strong soil and didn't have a good export crop so there was a highly developed internal economy instead -complex economic networks between people (family farms; "follow farming") -too many people, too many heads of household, not enough land to go around |
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Why was the New England population's way of life in turmoil in 1774-1775? |
-average farm size for a HOH went from 300 acres to 60 acres -too many sons, not enough land to inherit -couldnt rest the soil between crops so this lowered the yields -wills become increasingly complex and divided (dower rights, double portions, usage rights) -premarital pregnancies and marriage out of order becomes common (1/3 preg on marriage) |
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How did the "Quiet Revolution" of 1774-1775 prepare the americans for battle? |
-increased the training of small militia units (16-60 men) to meet 1-2 a year -whig organized militias wanted to be prepared if the british attacked them -highly coordinated system of militia units, informants and spies |
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What is the relevance of the Letter from Lord Dartmouth in February 1775? |
-warned that the New Englanders were in open revolt and were organizing units to prepare for war with the british -paid spies to track Bostonians movements |
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What was the Siege of Boston in 1775-1776? |
-british take control of boston militarily so a ton of people flee (usually lawyers, merchants and their families) -outbreak of smallpox in the city which was tried to be quarentined but failed -siege was lifted when George Washington marched in with an army sent by the Congressional Congress |
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How did the New England war turn into a revolutionary war of rebelling provinces? |
-if it had just stayed as a New England/Boston conflict as the British has wanted, then it probably wouldnt have gone to war -but the Congressional Congress's decision to support one another against the injustices done to one led to them lending military support in the form of an Army led by Washington, which turned it into a multi-state conflict |
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How was the 2nd Continental Congress (April 1775) different from the 1st (1774)? |
-1st Continental Congress = idea to link all the provinces that wanted to rebell together because of the intolerable acts -2nd Continental Congress = in response to the British military march through New England in April 1775. -more moderate people dont show up, militant -new england and virginia are for indipendence |
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Who was George Washington? |
-born into Virginia gentry -politcally gifted, intellectual, well read, courageous -80-90% approval ratings in 2nd continental congress
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Who were the "Continentals"? |
-established by the 2nd Continental Congress of 1775 -led by George Washington -the continental elites were military men with a strong sense of brotherhood -first action was to lift the siege of Boston |
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How did the american population react to the arrival of the British army in Long Island in 1776? Did their opinion change? |
-initially greeted the british with enthusiasm because they had benifited from the empire -over the time of the occupation the locals disliked the army more and more -led to a subtle, but decisive shift in the way people though about the British troops among the general population |
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What were the Battles of Trenton and Princeton? |
-after christmas day in 1776 Washington brought the continental army across the Delaware river and destroyed 2 british forts -first military successes by Washington and invigorated the american cause |
