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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Early Bronze Age
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3000-2100 BC. Bronze began to be used as major component in weapons and tools. No official greek language, no greek historians until much later
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Middle Bronze Age
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2100-1600 BC
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Late Bronze age
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1600-1200 BC
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Indo-European
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Proto-Indo-European group purported to move into Mediterranean and destroy greeks, causing linguistic revolution and resulting commonalities between Indo-European languages. This is a linguistic hypothesis, not confirmed
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“Aryan Model”
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arrival in Greece of indo-european language speakers that conquer pre-greeks
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Minoans
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2000-1500 Greek civilization on Crete. Relatively centralized, a state centered around palace complexes. Writing system: Linear A – never successfully deciphered, purely administrative. Pictographic/syllabic
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Mycenaeans
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1600-1150 BC. Seem to have taken out Minoans and set up their civilization in Crete. Also have a syllabic/pictographic writing system – Linear B, which has been deciphered
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Heinrich Schliemann
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archaeologist believed that stories in Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey reflected some reality of Mycenaean civilization
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Dorian Invasion
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A concept devised by historians of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by the ones that prevailed in Classical Greece. Greek myth states that sons of Hercules come back and take over Greece, theoretically explaining the arrival of Dorian culture in the Peloponnesus.
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Archon-year
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Ancient Greek dating system – by the name of one of the archons of the city
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Submycenaean
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1125-1050 BC. Few pictorial representations of vases, poor quality pottery. Seems to be great depopulation (as much as 60-90%) - Migration – evidence by division of greek language, Ionians move out of Greece into coastal area of Asia Minor
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Wanax
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king of Mycenaean era, ruled over several miles from palace
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Basileus
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more chieftain than king, very small scale. Primarily war leaders, authority based on reputation and status
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Megaron
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The "great hall" of Mycenaean culture. The rectangular hall, fronted by an open, two-columned porch and a more or less central hearth traditional in Greece since Mycenaean times, is ancestor of the temple in Greece. It was used for poetry, feasts, personal gods being worshipped, sacrifice, and counsels of war.
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Formulae
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a gradually evolved fixed collection of stock phrases for common situations that would repeat throughout epic
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dactylic hexameter
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form of epic poems - each line has 6 units, alternately long short
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Arête
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Excellence
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Xenia
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“guest-friends” between families`
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“Orientalizing Period”
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ca. 750-650. Strong eastern influence: more pictorial representations on pottery and other art, alphabet, written literature
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Archaic Era
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700 BC- 500BC. Sources for history (literary). Archaeological finds are more extensive because population has increased
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Synoecism
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Process of uniting a polis. Begins around 9th century BC, finished by 700ish
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Polis/poleis
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City-state and surrounding region as one united political unit
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Ethnos
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Region without polis, just regional group. Area doesn’t even urbanize. Tribal, small villages
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Archon
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Yearly elected magistrates, often several per state with different functions
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Polemarch
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archon who serves as war leader
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Aristoi/kakoi
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Aristoi = “the best”
Kakoi = “the bad” - Everyone other than aristocrats |
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Archon basileus
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‘king archon’ – often had role of religious leader
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Bacchiads
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Family in Corinth encompassing aristocracy
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Apoikia
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colony, clone of founding city
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Kleros
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plot of land owned by a family, divided among sons
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Oikistes
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one person designated to lead the founding of a colony. After his death, he takes a semi-divine quality
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Age of Tyranny – Tyrannos
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650-510 BC. Someone who came to power unconstitutionally, doesn’t actually signify anything about the quality of rule. Most of aristocracy usually opposed tyrants, tyrants got support from other parts of population
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Stasis
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‘taking a stand’ – internal political strife
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Hoplite
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large groups of men, operating in tight formation (phalanx)
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Cypselids
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(657-585) Dynasty of tyrants in Corinth
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Cypselus
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(657-625) - Member of aristocracy, a Bacchiad. He seizes power, and as the first tyrant of Corinth was a generally good leader. Very good at building up trade.
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Periander
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(625-585) – Son of Cypselus, second tyrant of Corinth. Built up Corinth’s navy (trireme). Eventually was considered an evil tyrant.
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Psammetichus
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Periander’s nephew. The third tyrant of Corinth, but Periander had already worn out the tyranny’s welcome.
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Pheidon of Argos (ca. 670-660, or 680-660?)
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Comes to absolute power in coup detat, conquering the ruling aristocracy. May have been the originator of hoplite warfare. Very interested in increasing trade, begins system of standard weights and measures throughout Peloponnesus. Battle of Hysiae (ca. 669), where Argos defeated Sparta using hoplites, was under his reign.
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Rise of rationalism
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Ionian rationalists - Pre-Socratic philosophers, attempting to understand the natural world. Atomic theory, astronomy, ethnography
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Politeia
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complete political, social organization of the state
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Eunomia
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good order, stability
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Lycurgus - Great Rhetra
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Reformer of Sparta, received the Great Rhetra from the oracle at Delphi. Plots of land all divided into kleros and given to all male citizens, state divided into precincts, established gerousia and apella. Developed Agoge system, and syssition.
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1st Messenian War (ca 730-710)
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Messenians all made into helots by the Spartans
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2nd Messenian War (ca 630 or 610)
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Began from the legacy of the 1st messenian war – the messenian helots staged a slave uprising against Sparta. Sparta won again and the messenians remained helots
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Gerousia
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Spartan council of elders, composed of former spartiates 60 yrs or older. Elected by citizen assembly (apella). Set the agenda of the apella, and could dismiss it.
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Apella
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Spartan citizen assembly.
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Ephors
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Yearly elected magistrates (5 per year) in Sparta that could only be elected once (by the Apella). Acted as overseers of royal power. Powers: summary arrest, could suspend a magistrate if they thought they were corrupt (even kings), presided at meetings of apella, meet with foreign ambassadors, in charge of Agoge
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Agoge
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Spartan state-run school. At age seven, boys taken to school/military boot camp. Goal: to become best soldiers and citizens. 14 year system.
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Eirene
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Spartan male at age 20-30, free of agoge but not full citizen. Could get married. Expected to be picked into a syssition and give some produce to syssition every month. Once you were an eirene and part of the syssition you are considered homoioi (‘equals’ or ‘uniform’)
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Syssition
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Spartan mess group/military unit/peer group for Spartiates 20-30 years old after they left the Agoge
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Perioikoi
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dwellers around sparta that weren’t helots. Often acted as supplemental warriors.
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Paidika/erostes
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older man would take teenager (paidika) under his wing, have a sexual and educational relationship. Dissolved when paidika became adult. Seen to be temporary relationships
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Peloponnesian League
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Alliance of Peloponnesian states in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Sparta was hegemon, and held most of the power. 2 bodies, one the assembly of spartiates and the other the Council of allies (where each ally had one vote). Sparta did not have to abide by the council’s resolutions.
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Krypteia
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Spartan secret police - sent to terrorize the helots
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Black Athena Debate
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Ancient model: greeks civilization was rooted in Egyptian and Phoenician colonization of Greece
Aryan model: arrival in Greece of indo-european language speakers that conquer pre-greeks Revised ancient model: Egyptian colonization happening a bit earlier (2000 BC), hyksos conquer Egypt then Greece around 1750 BC, Phoenicians colonize Thebes around the same time as the Hyksos |
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Cylon
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Ca. 630 He tries to set himself up as tyrant in Athens, but he fails. Negotiates a deal with the Eponymous Archon, Megacles, allowing him to leave the area. Leaves with string attached to religious sanctuary so they can’t be killed, the string breaks and Megacles kills Cylon and followers.
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Alcmaeonids
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aristocratic family in Athens of Megacles (eponymous archon of athens)
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Eupatridae
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aristocratic class of Athens, only ones eligible for archonship
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Areopagus
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council of former archons, advisory body for the archons
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Thesmothetai
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lawgivers/keepers of the law, archons with judicial function (no written laws)
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Draco
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~620 BC. Asked to make written laws for Athens, he makes the state the arbiter of the law. Known for harsh penalties – almost all crimes had death penalty
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Solon
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Famous reformer of Athens. Allowed all men to join the assembly (ekklesia), divided citizens into 4 political classes based on wealth rather than birth, eliminated debt slavery, required fathers to find trades for their sons, offered citizenship to foreign tradesmen, allowed citizens to take legal action on another’s behalf
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Hektemoroi
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Athenian farmers, share-croppers. Bound to aristocrat, had to provide him with 1/6 of the produce from the land. Had no possibility of political power
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Seisachtheia
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One of Solon’s reforms - the ‘shaking off of burdens.’ Abolishes debt slavery (frees the enslaved), hektemoroi (now own their land), and all existing debts. Recalls the exiles.
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Pentakosiomedimnoi
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Class of Athenian society made of citizens who produces over 500 bushels of produce. Could hold archonships. Part of Solon's reforms
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Hippeis
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Class of Athenian society made of citizens who produced 300-500 bushels of produce. Could hold archonship. Part of Solon's reforms
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Zeugitai
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Class of Athenian society made of citizens who produced 200-300 bushels of produce. Could only hold minor magistrate positions. Part of Solon's reforms
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Thetes
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Class of Athenian society made of citizens who produced below 200 bushels, as well as citizens with no wealth tied to the land. Couldn’t hold political office. Part of Solon's reforms
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Ekklesia
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Assembly that all male citizens Athenians attend, can pass laws
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Boule
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Council of 400 members that rotate. They set the agenda for the ekklesia. Established by Solon
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Peisistratus
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1st tyrant of Athens. Phase I ca. 560 – appears wounded, asks for body guard, which he uses to seize government. Megacles/Lygurcus drive him out. Megacles makes deal that he can return if he marries Megacles’ daughter. Phase II ca. 556 – find tall women and pretend she is Athena. Peisistratus must flee because he avoids having children with Megacles’ daughter. Phase III ca. 546 – gets support from foreign allies to re-seize the government. Known for public works, patronizing the arts, use of coinage, centralizing Athenian religion
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Hippias
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Peisistratus’ son, becomes tyrant of Athens after his death. He and his brother, Hipparchus, are the object of an assassination plot. Hipparchus is killed, and Hippias becomes a brutal ruler.
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Hipparchus
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Younger brother of Athenian tryant, Hippias. He desired Aristogiton, but he was spurned. Murdered by Harmodius and Aristogiton.
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Harmodius and Aristogiton
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Aristogiton was desired by Hipparchus, the brother of tyrant Hippias. Aristogiton and his lover Harmodius, plot to kill the brothers. Succeed in killing Hipparchus.
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King Cleomenes
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King of Sparta. Helps to abolish Athenian tyranny (Hippias) at the request of the Alcmaeonid family, led by Cleisthenes. Supports Isagoras in his competition with Cleisthenes for control of Athens. Cleomenes, and the Peloponnesian League (newly formed) attempted to invade Athens to install Isagoras at tyrant, but the invasion failed (Corinthians back out).
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Cleisthenes
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Helped overthrow Hippias. Exiled from Athens by Isagoras, with the help of King Cleomenes. He was recalled and turned to for reforms in 508/7: Abolished the 4 traditional tribes and established 10 new tribes to diminish the power of old aristocracy and geographic ties, remade the Boule (50 members are chosen from each tribe each year), established board of 10 Strategoi (military generals).
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Trittyes
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One of the reforms of Cleisthenes in Athens - “thirds” – city, shore, inland. Each of the 10 tribes has one of each 3 trittyes, with a varying number of demes in each trittyes
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Strategoi
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Board of 10 military generals in Athens, established by Cleisthenes.
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Cyrus
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Founder of the Persian empire, member of the Achaemenid Royal family. Overthrew the Median and Lydian empires, gaining control of Greek states Ionia and Caria. Like all Persian emperors, he was an absolute monarch and the chief emobidment of the deity
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Darius I
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Succeeds Cyrus’ sons as Persian emperor. The first Persian to invade Europe. Divided the empire into provinces (satrapies) with Persian governors (satraps) in control. Puts down Ionian rebellion, and vows revenge on Athens for assisting the Ionians. 1st expedition, led by Mardonius, gains submission of some states but many ships are destroyed. 2nd expedition ends with defeat at the battle of marathon. Darius dies before 3rd attempt.
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Ionian Revolt
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Aristagoras convinces Ionia to revolt against Persian rule and succeeds to getting Athenian military support. In sea Battle of the Lade, Ionians are defeated and resubjected to Persian rule.
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Mardonius
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Persian military commander. Appointed by Darius to punish Athens for assisting the Ionian revolt. Relieved of command after much of the fleet was destroyed in a storm. Later, convinced Xerxes to renew war with Greece. Present at Thermopylae, but after defeat at Salamis, Xerxes left. Died at Battle of Plataea.
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Medizers
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a state or person who favors submitting to Persians rather than fighting
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Miltiades
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After archon-ship in Athens, Militiades sent by Hippias to reassert Athenian control over Chersonese. He becomes tyrant, for which he is later prosecuted and acquitted. He becomes a strategoi, and devised tactics for Athens at Marathon. After the Battle of Marathon, he had much glory, so he convinces the Athenians to try and take the island of Paros, it is a disaster, and miltiades is heavily injured. He is also tried for the failure of the battle, but he dies and his son, Cimon, pays the fine.
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Battle of Marathon
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On 2nd Persian expedition - Athenian ekklesia resolves to meet to army head-on, sent all hoplites and all 10 strategoi - also send to Sparta for help. Athens get support of 1000 hoplties from Plataea (had submitted to Athens in past). Greek center is defeated, but the wings remain strong and chase the Persians to the water. Persians try to get to Athens first, but they fail and return to Persia.
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Battle of Plataea
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Hellenic league pressured by Athens to go to Plataea to confront the Persian land force. Persians are strong in cavalry, archery, and their forces contain medizers. Greeks stay to hilly areas, Persians stay toward flat areas, Mardonius uses cavalry to harass Greeks and cut them off from food and water, forcing Greeks to shift position at night. Units get confused, some fail to comply. Athenians are truly disorganized by morning, Mardonius attacks, Mardonius killed in the fight, after this the Persians lose heart. Athenians defeat thebans, Persians withdraw. Simultaneously, Greek fleet wins battle against Persia in Ionian – Battle of Mycale
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Xerxes
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Inherits Persian empire from father, Darius. Makes an attempt to totally conquer Greece. With enormous army, dug channels through isthmus at Mt. Athos and bridges over the Hellespont. After battle of Thermopylae and Artemesium, and defeat at Salamis, Xerxes leads part of the army back to Asia, fearing being trapped.
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Hellenic League
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Greeks meet at Corinth in 481 to form League in order to have a unified approach against the Persians. Spartans were given control over the military aspects.
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Cimon
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Military commander of Delian league, leads the league in attempting to expel Persians from Europe. Known for his enormous victory at the Battle of Eurymedon, where he defeated the entire Persian fleet. Cimon lobbies to assist Sparta in subduing a helot revolt, but the Spartans reject Athenian help. He was ostracized. Upon return, he negotiated a 5 year truce with Sparta and led expeditions to fight the Persians at Cyprus and Egypt. During siege at Cyprus, he was killed.
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Battle of Thermopylae
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Hellenic league decides to confront Xerxes’ army at the pass at Thermopylae because it is narrow, and easy to defend. Greeks send a fairly small force, and King Leonidas of Sparta sends most of them away, remaining with his 300 Spartiates and 700 Thespians. They hold back the Persians for several days, but the Persian army surrounds them. Virtually everyone, including Leonidas is killed.
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Battle of Artemesium
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During the Battle of Thermopylae, the Greek ships confront the Persians at Artemesium. Much of the Persian fleet had been destroyed in storms, and a portion of the fleet that tried to flank the Greeks by going around Euboea was also destroyed. Both sides faced roughly equal losses, but when the Greeks heard of the defeat at Thermopylae, they withdrew to Salamis.
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King Leonidas
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King of the Spartans. Famous for his stand at the Battle of Thermopylae.
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Themistocles
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Archon of Athens that convinces the citizens to use the unexpected wealth of silver to build a naval fleet to counter the Persians. Led the Greeks to victory at the Battle of Salamis. After the war, he convinced Athens to build a huge wall around the city, angering Sparta. He was ostracized and expelled, ultimately moving to Persia to become governor of Magnesia.
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Battle of Salamis
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Athenians demand to fight at Salamis, otherwise they will abandon the other Greeks. 380 Greek ships face Persians. Persians are soundly defeated – the strait was very narrow and the massive numbers of Persian ships were their disadvantage
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Pausanius
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Served as Spartan regent after King Leonidas’ death, because the heir was too young to rule. He was responsible for leading the Greeks to victory at the Battles of Plataea and Mycale. However, his arrogance and poor leadership lost the Spartans the military control of the Hellenic League. He was often suspected of having Persian sympathies. He was supposed to be arrested, but he escaped to a temple, where he starved.
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Amompheratus
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Spartan commander at the Battle of Plataea. The Greeks were forced to shift position because the Persians were cutting off their supplies, but he interprets this as retreat and refuses to move his forces. Spartan regent, Pausanius, convinces him to follow and the Greeks win the battle.
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Battle of Mycale
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At the same time as the Battle of Plataea, the Greek fleet lands near the Persian encampment at Mycale where they had beached their ships. Greek hoplites prevail, and destroy the Persian ships. This effectively ended the Persian invasion.
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Pentecontaetia
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50 years between Persian invasion and Peloponnesian war. Formation of the Delian League, strengthening the defenses of Athens, expansion of Athenian empire, military victories of Cimon, earthquake at Sparta
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Delian league
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477 BC - Alliance of Greek states under Athenian leadership, designed to continue fighting Persia after the Battle of Plataea. Opportunity for Athens to create empire.
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Cleruchy
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Settlement from Athens, does not become own polis, but remains citizen of Athens
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Ostracism
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banishing notable citizens for 10 years with no loss of property
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1st Peloponnesian War (460-446)
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Between Sparta and the Peloponnesian League and Athens with the Delian League. Resulted in signing of the Thirty Years’ Peace between Sparta and Athens, recognizing dual hegemony of Greece.
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Battle of Oenophyta
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Athenians fight Battle of Oenophyta aginst all city-states of Boeotia and now control all of Boeotia
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“Peace of Callias” (449)
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Cimon’s military success lead to peace treaty with Persia. Gave autonomy to the Ionian states in Asia Minor, prohibited the establishment of Persian satrapies elsewhere on the Aegean coast, and prohibited Persian ships from the Aegean. Athens also agreed not to interfere with Persia's possessions in Asia Minor, Cyprus, Libya or Egypt
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Oikos
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household, important unit of society. Religious practices associated with the Oikos, funeral practices. It was essential that the oikos not die out
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Kyrios
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guardian of minors, or women
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Metic
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resident alien, a person who did not have citizen rights in their Greek city-state (polis) of residence
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