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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the cortex and medulla?
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filter blood and creates urine
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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Nephron
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The start of urine formation is where?
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Bowmans Capsule
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What passes through Bowmans Capsule?
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Glucose, nitrogenous waste
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What does not pass through the Bowmans Capsule?
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Blood
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What is the function of the Glomerulus?
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-filtration
-reabsorbtion of glucose -uria secreted |
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What is the function of the kidney tubules?
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-collects & dumps toxins
-reabsorbs valuable items (glucose & water) |
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What are the 4 ways to obtain urine samples?
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1 - voided
2 - expressing bladder 3 - catheterization 4 - cystocentesis |
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What is the gold standard of getting a urine sample?
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cystocentesis
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What is the best way of getting a voided urine sample?
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-midstream
-morning sample |
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When do you need to analyze urine?
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within 30 minutes or refrigerate 6-12 hours
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What happens to urine if it stands to long?
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-urine disintegrates
-artifacts appear -temp and pH change -crystals |
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If urine is refrigerated what should you do before analyzing it?
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bring back to room temp
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What are some non-pathological changes to urine?
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-water intake
-temp -humidity -activity -diet |
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What are some pathological changes to urine?
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-polyuria
-pollakuria -oliguria -anuria |
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What is polyuria?
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-increased volume
-pale -low SG (often due to polydipsia) |
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What is pollakuria?
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-frequent voiding
-small amounts |
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What is oliguria?
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-decreased volume
-more concentrated -high SG |
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What is anuria?
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-total lack of production
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Herbivores have ____ colorful urine.
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more
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Red color in the urine is due to?
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blood from RBC or hemoglobin
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Green color in the urine is due to?
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-drugs
-liver failure |
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Brown or black urine in horses is due to?
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oxidation
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Transparency of urine is the amount of cloudiness due to?
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cells, casts or bacteria
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What is flocculant?
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gross chunks in urine
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Blood cells make urine transparency?
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cloudy
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An ammonia smell to urine is due to?
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uria
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A sweet smell to urine is due to?
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ketones
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Excess foam indicates?
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protein
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Specific gravity measures?
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density
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What influences SG?
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-water
-solutes -renal uria -minerals -non-renal glucose |
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What is the normal SG for dogs?
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1.018 - 1.045
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What is the normal SG for cats?
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1.020 - 1.040
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A pH <7 is?
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acidic
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A ph >7 is?
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alkaline
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Herbivores have what pH urine?
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alkaline (basic)
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Normal carnivores have what pH urine?
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acidic
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The color change in test strips measures what for protein?
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albumin
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Microalbuminuria is a early indication for?
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renal disease
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Changes of glucose in urine can be due to what?
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-excitement
-restraint -IV fluids -stress -fear |
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Bile pigments are?
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breakdown of HgB
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Bile pigments are processed in?
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the liver
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Bile pigments are excreted in?
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bile
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Bile pigments funtion is to?
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help dissolve and digest fats
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What are some reasons for bilirubinuria?
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-liver disease
-bile duct obstruction -RBC destruction (DIC, immune hemolytic anemia) |
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A low urine threshold is?
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any elevation of spill out into urine
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A high urine threshold is?
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won't easily spill out into urine
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Dogs commonly have a ____ urine threshold?
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low
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Cats have a ____ urine threshold?
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high
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Detection of bile pigments can be done with?
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dip stick or ictotest
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What does nitrate in urine suggest?
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bacterial infection
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What do erythrocytes look like in urine sediment?
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-smooth, round
-red, orange (clear on standing) |
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How many erythrocytes per HPF?
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<2-3/HPF
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Increased amounts of erythrocytes are indicative of?
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-hemorrhage
-reproductive female -urinary trauma -males - prostate |
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What do leukocytes look like in urine sediment?
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-granule like appearance
-little larger than RBC |
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How many leukocytes per HPF?
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0-1/HPF
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Increased leukocytes are indicative of?
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-inflammation
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What are the types of epithelial cells found in urinary sediment?
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-Squamous epithelial cells
-Transitional epithelial cells -Renal epithelial cells |
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What do squamous epithelial cells look like?
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-large & angular
-big distance b/t edge of cell and nucleus -small round nucleus |
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Where do squamous epithelial cells come from in urine sediment?
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-distal urethra
-vagina -vulva -prepuce |
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What do transitional epithelial cells look like?
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-round, granular
-nucleus larger compared to size of cell -more rounded -larger than WBC |
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Where to transitional epithelial cells come from in urine sediment?
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-renal pelvis
-proximal urethra |
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What does an elevated amount of transitional epithelial cells indicate?
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-cystitis
-pyelonephritis -infection or inflammation anywhere form bladder to renal pelvis -traumatic catheterization |
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What do renal epithelial cells look like?
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-round, large nucleus
-non-granular cytoplasm -similar in size to WBC |
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Renal epithelial cells come from what in urine sediment?
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kidneys
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Casts are formed in?
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renal tubules
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Casts are more likely to form when?
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-increased urine concentration
-low pH |
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An abnormal amount of casts is indicative of?
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renal disease
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What are the types of casts?
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-Hyaline
-Granular -epithelial -erythrocyte -leukocyte -waxy -fatty |
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Crystalluria is determined by?
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-pH
-concentration -temp -solubility |
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What are the types of crystals?
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-triple phosphate (struvite)
-amorphous phosphate -ammonium urate -calcium carbonate -calcium oxalate -amorphous urates -uric acid -cysteine -ammonium biurate |
