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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What causes increased force of contraction of the heart, disturbance of rhythm and reduced beat frequency.
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Digitalis
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Digitalis is derived from?
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foxglove plant
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What is digitalis used for?
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control of congestive heart failure
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What are the types of digitalis?
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digoxin & digitoxin
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What type of digitalis is only used for emergency? Why?
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Digitoxin
>more toxic than digoxin |
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What are the side effects of digitalis?
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toxicity
>vomiting >depression >muscle weakness >visual disturbances |
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What are severe signs of toxicity?
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>Stupor
>Arrhythmias >Death |
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What are some considerations that should be taken with digitalis?
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>always anticipate toxicity
>digitalis is toxic to people >metabolized in liver & excreted by kidneys >keep in hospital if critical >start on low dose if non-critical |
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What drugs reduce the effectiveness of digitalis by enhancing its excretion?
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>barbiturates and its derivatives
>Tagament >Reglan >bute (horses) |
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What drugs increase the likelihood of digitalis toxicity by slowing down the excretion of digitalis?
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>certain antibiotics
>>aminoglycosides >>tetracycline >>chloraphenical >>some sulfa >Antacids >anti-diarrheal |
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What are the Class 1A anti-arrhythmic drugs?
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Quinidine
Procainimide |
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What are the Class 1A anti-arrhythmic drugs used for?
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>depress myocardial excitability
>ventricular and premature ventricular contractions >wide bizarre QRS complexes |
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What are the Class 1B anti-arrhytmic drugs?
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Lidocaine
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What are the Class 1B anti-arrhythmic drugs used for>
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>depress myocardial activity
>tx ventricular arrhythmias >decreas cell automaticity (prevents depolarization) |
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How is lidocaine used as an anti-arrythmic drug?
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>single bolus under cardiac arrest
>given IV than put in fluids for continuous rate infusion |
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Propanolol (Indarol) is what type of drug?
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Class II beta blocker
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How does lidocaine decrease cell automaticity?
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blocks the inflow of sodium into the cell which prevents depolarization
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What are Class II beta blockers used for?
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>Tx heart disease
>slow heart rate >lowers blood pressure |
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How does a Class II beta blocker work?
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reduces the cell automaticity
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How does Propanolol reduce cell automaticity?
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blocks the receptor sites for electrical impulses
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What are the Class IV calcium channel blockers?
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Cardazen (dilatazen)
Verrapamil |
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How does the Class IV calcium channel blockers work?
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blocks entry of calcium into myocardial cells - depressing contractility and reducing automaticity
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What are the Class IV calcium channel blockers used for?
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Tachycardia
Atrial fibrillation |
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What are the adverse effects of the anti-arryhthmic drugs?
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>increased lethargy & anorexia
>muscle weakness >sleepiness >GI >dry mouth >incoordination & other CNS abnormalities >articular or ventricular standstill |
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What is the clinical use of Catecholamines?
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short term managment of severe heart failure or anaphylaxis
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What are the types of Catecholamines?
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Epinephrine
Dopamine & Dobutamine |
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Epinephrine is used for?
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anaphylaxis
asthma cardiac arrest |
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How does epinephrine work?
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promotes movement of the heart muscle
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Dopamine and Dobutamine are used for?
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respiratory drug/stimulant
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How doe dopamine and dobutamine work?
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>increases rate & force of contraction
>increases blood pressure |
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What is diuretics?
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agents that promote excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function
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What are the diuretic drugs?
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Furosemide (Lasix)
Thiazides (Diuril, Naturetin) Mannitol |
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What type of diuretic is Furosemide (Lasix)?
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loop diuretics
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How does Furosemide (Laxis) work?
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>inhibits reabsorption of sodium and water in the loop of Henle, leads to increased urine excretion
>increases renal blood flow - increases filtration rate & urine output |
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What is Furosemide(Lasix) used for?
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relief of cardiac and pulmonary edema
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What is the duration of Furosemide (lasix)?
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2-3 hours
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Which diuretic is seldom used in veterinary medicine?
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Thiazides
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What is the duration of Thiazides?
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12-24 hours
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What type of diuretic is Mannitol?
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osmotic diuretic
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What is the action of Mannitol?
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limits tubular reabsorption of water by exerting a high osmotic pressure in the kidney tubules
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