Africana Studies Exam 3

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2 antislavery movements

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north & south

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when did the southern antislavery movement begin

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began when slavery began

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who founded the southern antislavery movement

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founded by enslaved with aid of free african americans (large free black support/ few sympathetic whites)

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beliefs of southern antislavery movement

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individual freedom/not movement to end institution of slavery itself

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order of creation of puritans

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1) 16th century Europe were Catholics 2) martin Luther questioned principles of church (95 theses- $extortion) 3) church of England broke away from catholic church moved to Protestantism 4) people believed church was still practicing catholic ways 5) people moved to plymoth and became puritans

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northern antislavery movement

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abolitionist movement (peaceful and gradual abolition of institution)/ both blacks and whites active (larger number of white participants)/ began with quakers (nj&philadelphia/ first antislavery society in philadelphia)/ natural rights life liberty and property caused more people to jump on board their cause/ abolitionists still small minority

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duties of puritan church members

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oversaw every aspect of life in puritan communities (enforced high degree of conformity/ women considered subordinate)

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practices of puritan church

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fines and punishments for activities and practices not in alignment with gods law (breaking Sabbath (no working, traveling, playing, smoking or visiting)/ no Christmas and no Easter

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order of creation of quakers

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1) second group that broke off from church of england 2)became quakers 3)went to colony as protestants 4)both groups butt heads 5)conflict over roles of women

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year of establishment of quakers

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1656

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beliefs of quakers

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slavery against belief system but still owned slaves for economic reasons/all human beings equal to god/ refused to observe sabbath- big conflict between quaker v. puritan and puritans punished/ believed no special day set aside for worship)

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how did the quakers believe god spole to people

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they believed god spoke diretly to people through an inner light (individuals didn't need preacher or bible to understand god's word)

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role of women in Quaker communities

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took lead role in their meetings

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new England and Quaker communities

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treated Quakers w/ severity (inspired formation of abolitionist groups- facially branded/ hanged for refusing to leave colony)

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brand Quakers received

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"h" for heresie

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William Penn

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granted land to establish Quaker colony in america/ 1681 became proprietor of new colony called PA

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antislavery begins in america

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as the revolutionary doctrine that all men had a natural right of life, liberty and property spread, so too did the # of people advocating for the abolition of slavery

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those who led in abolishing slavery in the north

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black and white abolitionists

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limitations to black and white abolitionists abolishing slavery in the north

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blacks and whites worked in different organizations/ quakers expected slavery to be abolished peacefully and gradually/ whites did not advocate equal rights for blacks/ northern abolitionists did little to end southern slavery

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quaker piety or natural rights principles

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neither could create a truly egalitarian or sectionally aggressive northern abolitionism

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major antislavery efforts

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black southerners/ wide spread religious revitalism/ demand for reforms/ growth of northern black institutions

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gabriels conspiracy

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influenced revolutionary spirit/ worsened conditions for antislavery organizations in Chesapeake region (state and local governments moved to suppress them/ caused fear of race war similar to one in haiti)

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instigator of gabriels conspiracy

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believed that free blacks insitgated the results/ justification for continued enslavement of blacks (economic competitors/ perpetual criminals/ revolutionary threat to white rule)

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denmark vessey conspiracy

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looked to haiti for support/ compared book of exodus and deliverance of hebrews to that of enslaved african americans/ revolt thwarted, organizers executed (house servant informed slave master)

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whites response to gabriels conspiracy

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charlestons ame church destroyed/ assembles banned in addition to teaching enslaved to read/ black seamen jailed at port until ship prepared to depart/ patrols intensified

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democrats views

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claimed equal rights but only for white men (proslavery, proexpansion)/ responsible for trail of tears 1838/ believed women should assume subservient role in home & church (excluded from public sphere)/ believed god and nature designed african americans to be slaves

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whigs views

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opposed democrats/ emphasized christian morality/ opposed territorial expansion (appealed to opponents of slaver)/ did not believe slavery should be abolished in south (wealth slaveholders w/in ranks)/ some defended human rights of africans and native americans (Criticized inhumanity of slaveholders and limited federal support of institution)

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whigs vs. democrats and black men

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black men generally voted for whig candidates when and where they could

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paul cuffe

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quaker of african & native american ancestry/ during early 1800s became most prominent advocate for black migration to africa (him & other african americans believed white prejudice would never allow blacks to enjoy full citizenship, equal protection under law)/ advocated for the establishment of christian colonies in africa/ took 34 african americans to sierra leone 1815

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founder of american colonization society

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2 prominent slave holders

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american colonization society as two fold program

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proposed to abolish slavery gradually (possible compensation for slave holders)/ to send formerly enslaved and free african americans to africa

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who american colonization society was established with and what they established

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established w/ support of the us government/ established colony of liberia

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beliefs of american colonization society

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believed this would encourage emancipation by preventing an increase in the free black population (regarded as shiftless and dangerous)

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black opposition to colonization

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some african americans had always opposed overseas colonization/ wanted to improve conditions in US/ considered liberia to be foreign and unhealty/ no desire to go to arica or send other africans there

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black abolitionist view of american colonization society

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by mid-1820s most of this group had concluded that the acs represented a proslavery effort to drive free african americans from the us

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where women not allowed in early 19th century

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politics/ the professions/ most businesses

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respectable women

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expected to devote themselves exclusively to domestic concerns and remain socially aloof

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places women relied on as opportunity for publication

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church and benevolent organizations (women worked in auxiliaries to mens organizations)

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philadelphia female anti-slavery society

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founded by black and white women

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practical abolitionists

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most women became this type of abolitionists/ did not fit 19th century criteria for respectability/ many lacked wealth & education & had to work outside the home

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Manifest Destiny

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Doctrine prevalent during 19th century holding that god intended the united states to expand territorialy over all of north america and the Caribbean island or over entire western hemisphere/ define political and economic progress in racial terms

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american ethnologists and manifest destiny

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american ethnologists argued racial differences inherent, whites superior (scientific racism gave justification for continued enslavement/ wave of racially motivated violence, committed by the federal and sate governments and white vigilantes accompanied these developments)

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riots in cincinatti, providence, new york and philadelphia triggered by

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increase in population of free blacks/ competition between irish immigrants and african americans for jobs/ increase in abolitionists activity

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texas and war against mexico

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texas declares independence from mexico 1836 (applied for annexation as slave state)/ war against mexico us gains new mexico & california territories

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race related violence and manifest destiny

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as this increased it created difficulties for the anti-slavery movement (abolitionist opposed the use of violence to achieve their goal {caused conflict b/c of the violent nature of the time})/ white abolitionists set policies (caused resentment among black abolitionists)

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founders of american anti slavery society

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william lloyd garrison, james mccrummell, robert purvis and james g barbadoes

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american antislavery society

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dedicated to immediate uncompensated emancipation/ significant turning point in abolitionist cause/ advocated for a peaceful resolution to ending slavery/ rarely allowed black people to hold positions of power (included white women)

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william lloyd garrison

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white american who worked hard to bridge racial differences/ responsible for the creation of the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator/ spoke to black groups/ stayed in homes of african americans when he travelled

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black abolitionist response to william lloyd garrison

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responded with affection and loyalty/ provided financial support for his newspaper/ paid for his speaking tour/ served as his bodyguards

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black and womens antislavery organizations

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in response to lack of positions of leadership in these organizations black men and women formed auxiliaries to aass

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womens organizations

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more racially integrated as african americans held prominent positions/ aided in creation of feminism which challenged male culture (women had rights and issues male- dominated society had to recognize)

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moral suasion

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strategy used by abolitionists to appeal to the north and south to support abolition and racial justice on the basis of their christian consciences

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beliefs behind moral suasion

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slaveholding led slave holders to damnation (indolence or laziness/ sexual exploitation of black women/ brutality)/ argued slavery was sin, crime, inefficient labor system (inefficient because it enriched a few slaveholders while impoverishing black and white southerners and hurting the american economy)

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aass and moral suasion

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tried to persuade northerners. to pressure slave holders/ reaction in north and south not what they had expected (southern postmasters burned antislavery literature/ congress passed gag rule prohibiting slave pamphlets/ northern mobs continued to assault abolitionists)

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american foreign anti-slavery society

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1840, AASS splintered and most members became AFASS (split over role of women in abolitionism)

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garrisons broadening radicalism

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slavery had corrupted american society/ denounced organized religion as proslavery/ became a feminist/ de-emphasized moral suasion and called for the separation of the north and the south

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garrisons reaction to split of aass

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garrison retained control of aass known as "old organization"/ declared constitution was a proslavery document/ had to be replaced before African Americans could gain freedom

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liberty party

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first antislavery political party/ led by james g birney 1840 (slaveholder turned abolitionist)

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The black convention movement

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forum for black male abolitionists (abolition of slavery/ improve conditions for northern black people {integrate public schools/serve on juries/ black suffrage/ testify against white people in court})

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black churches in the antislavery cause

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leading black abolitionists were ministers/ provided forums for abolitionist speakers/ more important to antislavery movement than conventions

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black newspapers

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important voice in abolitionist movement/ most publications faced financial difficulties/ most african americans poor and illiterate/ freedom's journal, colored american, north star

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freedoms journal

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samuel cornish

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colored american

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phillip a bell/ charles ray

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north star

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frederick douglas

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the amistad and the creole

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two maritime slave revolts encouraged abolitionist militancy/ inspired other african americans to escape bondage

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the amistad

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joseph cinque (siezed control of amistad {spanish schooner on which west african cinque led successful slave revolt 1839)

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creole

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madison washnigton (led revolt aboard creole {american brig on which washington led successful slave revolt in 1841})

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the underground railroad

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secret network that helped enslaved escape

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role of escapees in underground railroad

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not passive passengers/ 1840, raised money for transportation/ recruited, helped others escape/ some became underground railroad agents

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harriet tubman

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1850s, fugitive slave, became most active worker on underground railroad

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technology and the underground railroad

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before 1850's those who helped the enslaved escape referred to networks as lines of posts or chains of friends (as railway technology increased, term "railroad" introduced)/ railroads and steamboats promoted northward escape

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northern reaction to john brown and raid on harpers ferry

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approved of his actions/ began to speak of him as hero (this enraged southerners)/ brown executed, becomes northern hero`

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southern reaction to john brown and raid on harpers ferry

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traumatized and terrified/ vilified brown/ justified long held beliefs of northern agitation/ moved south closer to secession

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what reactions to john brown and raid on harpers ferry showed

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ever-growing division of the nation over issue of slavery. proved at least to white southerners of outside agitators/ initiating slave revolts and resistance

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wilmot proviso

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prohibited slavery in any territory acquired from mexico/ white southerners enraged/ felt it attempted to eliminate slavery/ failed to become law/ formation of free soil party

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free soil party

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1848/ purpose to prevent slavery's expansion (free soil, free labor)/ some black and white abolitionists supported it

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california and compromise of 1850

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state applied for admission as a free state (white southerners refused to consider unless slavery allowed)

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compromise of 1850

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california (free state)/ new mexico and utah (slavery declared by popular sovereignty)/ slave trade abolished in DC (domestic)/ stricter fugitive slave laws

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fugitive slave act

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constitution contained provision for return of persons held to service or labor in one state who escaped to another/ enslaved must be returned to state of origin

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1793 revision of fugitive slave act

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slave owners could enter into states to recapture their "property"

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1850 revision of fugitive slave act

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no proof needed/ based on owners, bounty hunters word/ to commissioners ($10 captured/ $5 free)/ northern responsibility to assist in apprehending runaways

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northern response to 1850 revision of fugitive slave act

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began passing personal liberty laws/ forbid use of state jails to imprison alleged fugitives/ prevent state officials from enforcing slave act/ compelling slave hunters to furnish proofs that captive was a fugitive/ affording accused rights to trial by jury and appeal

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Uncle Tom's Cabin 1852

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harriet beacher stowe/ sold 300000 copies in one year/ written to expose injustice of slavery

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northern and southern opinions of uncle tom's cabin

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hardened northerners sentiment against slavery (truth)/ infuriated southerners (slander, false depiction of way of life)

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dred scott decision

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dred scott sued for his freedom (take to state where slavery illegal, claimed he was free/ lost first case, won second case, lost again on appeal)

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questions for the court in dred scott case

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could a black man sue in federal court?/ did taking a slave to a state or territory where bondage was prohibited free the salve?

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roger taney and dred scott case

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blacks not citizens/ nor rights the white man bound to respect/ missouri compromise unconstitutional

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reaction to dred scott decision

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whites divided (white southerners delighted w/ taney's decision)/ blacks discouraged, disgusted, defiant/ frederick douglass believed decision would help destroy slavery

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the old parties: whigs and democrats

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kansas-nebraska act escalated sectional conflict

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missouri compromise of 1820

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initially closed off nebraska to slavery/ now under kansas- nebraska act, nebraska open to slavery

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whig party and kansas nebraska act

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opposition party to democrats began to splinter over passing of k-n act (led to its collapse/ left democrats as country's only national party/ set in motion desire to find new alternative)

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kansas- nebraska act

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stephen douglas introduces bill 1854 (transcontinental railroad/ divided territory/ popular sovereignty {repeal of missouri compromise/ won southern support})

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consequences of kansas-nebraska act

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destroyed whig party (divided north and south)/ split formally unrecognized territory in half (nebraska, west of free state iowa & kansas, west of slave state missouri)/ with this act of govt. also pushed plains indians further west (done to make way for farmers and railroads)

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lead up to bleeding kansas in kansas

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Free-state and slave-state settlers eachsought majorities at the ballot box

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lead up to bleeding kansas in missouri

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Missouri Senator David Rice Atchison urgedthousands of rough frontiersmen to “invade” Kansas

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Territorial Elections of 1854

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Proslavery candidates swept the elections

(Quickly began enacting pro-slavery laws)

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outcomes of territorial elections of 1854

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Oppositional Government was created (enacted anti-slavery laws)/ two rival governments were armed andon the verge of civil war

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Bleeding Kansas

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May 21, 1856 fighting broke out (mob of several hundred proslavery men(“Boarder Ruffians”) entered the town of Lawrence, the center of free-statesettlement/ John Brown incident occurred atPottawatomie/ The territory became engulfed in guerrillawarfare)

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The American Party (aka the “Know-Nothings”)

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To thwart the tidal wave of Catholicimmigrants, Protestant-Americans banned together and created this party/ campaigned on a platform that endorsed the K-N Act (caused party to collapse {left two remaining parties to battle it out- democrats vs. republics})

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The Republican Party

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Dissidents and political orphans (former members of the now defunct WhigParty) who opposed the extension of slavery into the territories united underthe banner of this political organization/ most people found this party more appealing

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Lincoln ran for senate 1858

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election, hard-fought and closelycontested, was won by Douglas (the debatesthrust Lincoln into the national spotlight)

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Lincoln ran for Presidency, 1860

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After an unprecedented number of voterscast ballots, Lincoln won in all eighteen free states except New Jersey

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Lincoln's inauguration

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March 4, 1861, Lincoln took office (by this time seven states had alreadysucceeded from the union {nation stood still to see what thenewly elected president would do})

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Black People Respond to Lincoln’s Election

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Blacknortherners, white abolitionists not enthusiastic (dismayed by Lincoln’s opposition and tolerance of slavery/ Lincolncondemned African Americans as inferior)/ Abolitionistsfelt Lincoln too tolerant of slaveholders interests

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Disunion

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SouthCarolina secedes December 20th, 1860 (ByFebruary, seven Deep South states seceded)