African Studies

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New Deal

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Raw deal for African Americans
+ Works progress administration, ppl recorded oral and written history
- increased poverty and joblessness among African Americans, empowered discriminatory labor unions, and, when the Supreme Court overturned Lochner v. New York, removed an effective legal tool to challenge segregation laws and other racist state action

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Redlining

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Discouraging blacks from living in certain neighborhoods bc banks would not give them loans for redline areas

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National Recovery Administration

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- One of the new deal programs, set minimum wages and max weekly hrs
- did little to improve conditions of African American workers.
- called the Negro removal act
- eliminated many unskilled positions b/c managers had 2 pay higher wages

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Works Progress Administration

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- employed artists, recorded oral and written histories
- slavery, ect.

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Double V Campaign

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- victory abroad against fascism and victory at home against racism

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A Phillip Randolph

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- Founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, labor achievement

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Executive Order 8802

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- said that departments of the gov't and contractors involved with defense production cannot discriminate
- 1941

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Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944

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- GI Bill
- designed to provide greater opportunities to war veterans. 0 down payment home loans for servicemen...Not promising for women and African americans bc of redlining

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Claudette Colvin / Mary Louise Smith

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Arrested b4 Rosa Parks for refusing to give up a seat.

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Women's Political Council of Birmingham

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First to call for a boycott of the buses

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Mary Burks / Joann Gibson Robinson

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Leaders of the Women's Political Council

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

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- Lasted a year
- led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

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- Nonviolence and direct action
- Baptist minister
- He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president.

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Nondirect Action

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Social change without violence

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Southern Christian Leadership Council

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Council – first president was MLK jr. large role in the civil rights movement. Origins lie in the bus boycott. During its first few years, SCLC activities were focused primarily on education, voter registration, and support for local struggles being waged by SCLC affiliates. SCLC and Dr. King were sometimes criticized for lack of militancy by younger activists in groups such as Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) who were participating in sit-ins and Freedom Rides.

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Greensboro Sit-in

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- youth movement for change. Led to student nonviolent coordinating committee. 1960
- Blacks were suppose to stand.
- Although they were refused service, they were allowed to stay at the counter. The next day there was a total of 28 students at the Woolworth lunch counter for the sit in. On the third day, there were 300 activists, and later, around 1000.[

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

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- Started outta student mtgs at Shaw University
- grassroots organizing
- direct action

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Ella Baker

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Shaw university, founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

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Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

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organized by SNCC, planned to attend and be seated at the 1964 democratic convention

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Fannie Lou Hamer

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Led the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party delegation

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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Outlawed voting standards or prerequisites

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Malcolm X

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believed in armed black revolution

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Lowndes County Freedom Organization

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The black panther party

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Stokely Carmichael

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Started the black panther party

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Black power

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Emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy

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Organization for Afro American Unity

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formed by Malcolm X to promote cooperation between african americans
- pushed for black control of the black community

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SCLC Chicago Freedom Movement

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- alliance of the SCLC and CCCO.
- intention of ending city slums, organized tenants' unions, housing discrimination

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Chicago Coordinating Council of Community Organizations

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Founded in Chicago in the early 1960s, the Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO) was a civil rights organization dedicated to the reform of public school policy.

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Operation Breadbasket

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an organization dedicated to improving the economic conditions of black communities across the United States of America.
- jesse jackson

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Jesse Jackson

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Civil Rights activist & Baptist minister
Head of operation breadbasket

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Fair Housing

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Originally, the terms fair housing and open housing came from a political movement of the time to outlaw discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes and a broad range of other housing-related transactions, such as advertising, mortgage lending, homeowner's insurance and zoning.

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Moynihan Report

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The report concluded the structure of family life in the black community constituted a 'tangle of pathology...capable of perpetuating itself without assistance from the white world,' and that 'at the heart of the deterioration of the fabric of Negro society is the deterioration of the Negro family. It is the fundamental source of the weakness of the Negro community at the present time.' Further, the report argued that the matriarchal structure of black culture weakened the ability of black men to function as authority figures. This particular notion of black familial life has become a widespread, if not dominant, paradigm for comprehending the social and economic disintegration of late twentieth-century black urban life.

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Nikki Giovanni

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Poet, author

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Black Cultural Nationalism

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Black nationalism (BN) advocates a racial definition (or redefinition) of black national identity, as opposed to multiculturalism. There are different black nationalist philosophies but the principles of all black nationalist ideologies are 1) black pride, and 2) black economic, political, social and/or cultural independence from white society

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Nguzo Saba

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Kwanzaa, a communitarian African philosophy" consisting of what Karenga called "the best of African thought and practice in constant exchange with the world."
"was chosen to give a Black alternative to the existing holiday and give Blacks an opportunity to celebrate themselves and history, rather than simply imitate the practice of the dominant society."[12]

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Ron Karenga

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Founder of Kwanzaa, a week-long Pan-African celebration observed each year from December 26 to January 1, initiated in California in 1966.

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Betty Friedan

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The Feminine Mystique

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Combahee River Collective

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Collective of Black Feminists

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A Black Feminist Statement

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“We are a collective of black feminists who have been meeting together since 1974.
- we are actively committed to struggling against racial, sexual, heterosexual, and class oppression and see as our particular task the development of integrated analysis and practice based upon the fact that the major systems of oppression are interlocking. The synthesis of these oppres-sions creates the conditions of our lives. As black women we see black feminism as the logical political movement to combat the manifold and simultaneous oppressions that all women of color face.

We will discuss four major topics in the paper that follows: (1) The genesis of con-temporary black feminism; (2) what we believe, i.e., the specific province of our poli-tics; (3) the problems in organizing black feminists, including a brief herstory of our collective; and (4) black feminist issues and practice.

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Alice Walker & Womanism

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The Color Purple, used to describe the perspectives and experiences of women of color

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Shirley Chisholm

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first African American woman elected to congress, first frican American woman presidential condidate

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5 Dimensions of Hip Hop

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IDK

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Affirmative Action

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- The term affirmative action refers to policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

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Afrocentrism

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sense of nationalism in being African

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Black Power

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-a political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies.
- movement emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests,[3] advance black values,[4] and secure black autonomy.

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Amiri Baraka

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black American writer, male

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Royal Ice Cream Parlor Sit in

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IDK

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Brown V Board of Education

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overturned plessy v fergusson and said schools should not be segregated

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Black Panthers

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The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was an African-American organization established to promote Black Power and self-defense through acts of social agitation. It was active in the United States from the mid-1960s into the 1970s.

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Edgemont Clinic

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Book

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Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

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a labor union in the United States organized by the predominantly African-American Pullman Porters. Organized in 1925, it struggled for twelve years before winning its first collective bargaining agreement with the Pullman Company.
It was, in 1935 the first labor organization led by African-Americans to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor. It merged in 1978 with the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC), now known as the Transportation Communications International Union.

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Congress of Racial Equality

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a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement from its foundation in 1942 to the mid-1960s. Membership in CORE is stated to be open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world."

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Pan-Africanism

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calls for a politically united Africa

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Reparations

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reparations for slavery. Proposed several times. Never has happened

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Nation of Islam

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a religious group founded in Detroit, Michigan, United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in July 1930 with the self-proclaimed goal of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of the black men and women of America. NOI also promotes the belief that God will bring about a universal government of peace.
Black Middle Class