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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Africanism
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-Model
-Afros in US based on same principles as those in Africa -Herskovitz's Myth of the Negro Past -Black people used to be excluded from history and assumed to not have a past; this re-evaluated history -he was at the forefront of soc and anthro in the 40s and 50s-->brought idea that you can counter racism by embracing race EXAMPLE: rice cultivation from floodplain/west africa used in Carolinas |
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Encounter Model
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-Same as creolization, but not necessarily Atlantic Creole
-Atlantic Creole: Marginal, Atlantic Slave Trade -Knogo Creolization= middle men that practiced christianity -Mintz and Price= Encounter Model; Ira Berlin=Creolization -idea of an encounter as melding of two (or more) cultures to create something new -60s and 70s introduced more focus on time, process, and change; people re-evaluated the past and accept the idea of a "new culture" -Mintz and Price break down why entire cultural systems were broken down and recreated -interaction between Euros and people of African descent; introduces sexuality in terms of a power dynamic -Example: Voodoo=poser priests melding with tribal customs; Nhara Women were crucial to trade networks due to their sex and their power |
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Second Wave Feminism
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-goal of the sixties in terms of resorting womens social history; looking at female role in the past
-Embodies history from the perspective of the “common person” -Critiqued because it focuses on the white, middle class woman -Makes me think of the burning of bras -First wave was the right to vote and sufferage; third wave focused on women of color taken out of the second waves white narrative -Higginbottom-racial constructs of gender; “womanhood excludes black women”; shared womanhood does not exists; critiqued the homogenized academic way of looking at race -Robertson- looked at matrilinear (tracing heritage through women) practices in African and how they existed during slavery Example: burning bra movement |
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Trans-Saharan Slave Trade
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-Connection between Asia and Indian Ocean with coast and interior of Africa
-Movement of “goods and people” across this region -Older than the Atlantic Slave Trade (information about it from 7th Century) -Millions enslaved and arriving (9 million enslaved; 7.5 million make it to Arab world) -west traded gold, center traded slaves, east traded military slaves -Eastern Africa ran trade UP Nile River -We have more ship chronicals than agricultural notes=harder to chronical/organize -Slaves from east-Africa to Iraq -Revolt of black slaves in Iraq (9th century) -Over 2 million black people living in Iraq today -REVERSING SAILS: HISTORY OF THE AFRICAN DIASPORA--Gomez -Subsaharan Slavery: -based around a greater idea of Manusmission (from Q’Ran) -Many children freed at birth -Some Military Slaves=VERY POWERFUL -Some urban slaves bought their freedom -There was salt mined in center, gold in west, and army slaves along nile—they all moved to middle east because that was Mecca -Mansa Musa-went to Mecca, wealthy and powerful, 4/5 years to go to Mecca and back; spent so much money he fucked economy -Mecca was both center for trade and muslim -Example: types of slaves in each part of country |
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Mali Empire
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-Gomez reading
-Mansa Musa was from Mali region -Part of Trans-Saharan--gold -One of Three, key Empires in Western Africa in Western Africa: Gahna (Wagadu), Mali, and Songhai (different times all ran gold) -Contained a large Islam population -slave trade within this muslim-dominated land; mostly ruling class -Home to the image of Masa Musu completing a pilgrimage—14th century -Land of gold -Empire that rose and fell -Had diverse ecology, types of agriculture and types of people -THINK OF EMPIRE IN RELATION TO RICE CULTURE Example: Chapter two of Carney—discussion of how diaspora is determined by ecology and enviornment; ppl had to move to coast because there were droughts often, people moved and therefore their trades changed; people with knowledge of central africa rice cultivation moved to coast and brought their ways of rice |
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Atlantic Creole
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-culture created by melding of African, new american, and euro culture
-middle men were intermediaries between euro and african world -Ira Berlin= -Baququqa is the anti-atlantic creole -Ira Berlin describes it as a “charter generation”=ultimate scholar -waywood and thorton=how kongo kingdom -Linguistic skills both Euro and African -Different then plain, old Creole -Gullah island=Creole combo of Mende and English -Ira Berlins concept of atlantic creole: specific time period 17th century; counters assumptions of creole culture; less about race more about mixing of cultures and languages, not only living in the americas=anywhere on the atlantic -Jamestown slaves -Haywood and Thonton-Berlins def. is too broad, christianity was only melding with the upper classes -THEY WERE THE HUSTLERS Example: Nhara women |
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Kongo Kingdom
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-Sense of Atlantic Creole
-Had Chrisitianity before arriving to the Americas -Haywood and Thorton—Atlantic Creole ideal -Centralized, hierarchical society that used Christianity as a political tool -Christianity spreads to the interior through missionarieis and armies -Thus, many enslaved Kongolese people already had idea of Chrisitianity -Helps us understand connection and reciprocative aide between Kongo and Euro EXAMPLE: kongolese nobles that went to europe |
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Nhara
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-Class of Senegalize Atlantic Creoles
-Technically slaves, but were granted a lot of power amongst Senegalize community -Comes from the word Signare-Goree -Women who rose to promenance in 17th and 18th century through involvement with Euro settlers and their kin -Senegambia and Portuguese traders engaged with locals; had wives; these wives attained power and served as intermediaries between locals and Euros -One Nhara woman in the 18th century is reported to have owned up to 68 slaves -Guinea-bassau region |
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Mahommah Baquaqua
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-born around 1830
-Intro about West Africa -Do we get a sense about who he is upon hearing about his upbrining? -Sokoto Caliphate-one of the largest muslim states in western africa -went to brazil and then to new york and boston then to haiti and then britian; world traveler -first english word he ever learned was “free” on ship from brazil to NYC -educated in haiti because he was part of a christian missionary; where he converted -he comes from a muslim family; birth place of religion and muslim identity -he was of high status in west africa; 3rd from the king=relationships with people of power -he is really close to where he is from (on a specific trip) but then refers to the people he meets as “African” -discusses different trade and slave routes -Muslims supposed to not be enslaved by other Muslims -compare to mary prince-gender, similar capturing, both gained freedom gained where slavery wasn’t exist |
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Somerset Case/Mansfield Decision
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-mansfield=judge; somerset=plantiff (one trying to gain freedom)
-case in england about how once you are in england you can’t be reenslaved in english colonies, but your not totally free in britian -freeing all slaves was a financial inconveneience -loophole→english people have right to habeus corpus, but slaves have no such right to this law -“in england slavery was unlawful, but not other places in english colonies” -Mary Pricne escaped from master in London and got assistance from anti-slavery group -first woman to break slavery -eventual escape in 1828 -Gerzina |
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Elizabeth Rosina Clements Bronze
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-Referenced in Gerzina piece
-Lived in 18th century England -Elderly servent of British Nolkin family who had a lot of money but dressed poorly -Nolkin biography talks about their servant “Bronze”—she was actually free but worked extensively for the family; she was very poor; she was treated badly by the Nolkin wife -Discussion of Bronze offers a glimpse at women who faced enslavement-esque conditions -example of mansfield ambiguity |
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Code Noir
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-Police de Noir (1777) – no blacks on french soil
-Peabody -1685 -guidelines for people of african descent -what people can and cannot do in french colonies -every religion is banned except roman catholic -slavery defined through mother -idea if black set foot in french soil they would be free—based on freedom principle -HOWEVER—their skin was still brown -all slaves who fought for freedom won, some got money—some only clothes on back -example: england, no one in england got free due to the ambiguity of the mansfield |
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Floodplain Rice Cultivation
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-Black Rice= Carney
-planting rice on a flood-plain -originally in senegambia -portuguese discovered this proctice and took it on as own…stole them and their ideas -two harvests there because they had two rainy seasons -system of planting on the floodplain post-rainy seasons when the ground is saturated -4 ecological zones |
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Sugar Revolution
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-Mary Pricnce=was living inWest Indies during sugar revolution; didn’t act on a whim; tried to present her as a pure humand
-expansion of atlantic slave trade -1400s-1600s labor intesive process in africa -brought to brazil in late 16th century -Duc\tch took control in 17th century and shared said control with french and british-britsh and -over production in 18th century -Antigua was the sugar producing colony—Mary prince chilled there |
