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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emancipation proclamation |
1865 13th Amendment Formally freed slaves. Basic human rights included: Plantation marriages legalised Ability to worship freely Ability to own property Ability to become educated Ability to travel freely |
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14th Amendment |
1868 Granted former slaves equal protection under the law |
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15th amendment |
1870 Prohibited denial of the vote based on race |
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Andrew Johnson |
Succeeded Abraham Lincoln Democrat Was Lincoln's deputy Wanted to re admit the southern states to the union and return to a pre war state. He issued thousands of pardons to southern rebels. Vetoed on all major legislations which were overruled with a 2/3 majority. He was almost impeached. |
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Radical republicans |
Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. They realised black Americans played a vital part in the economy. |
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Carpet bagger and scalawag |
Northern people who went to the south to enforce reconstruction policies and their southern assistants |
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Blanche K Bruce |
Elected to congress in the 1870s but did not recognise the need for black civil rights. |
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Frederick Douglass |
American ambassador in Haiti in the 1870s. He set up an anti slavery society and newspaper before the 13th Amendment. |
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Freedman's Bureau |
Set up by general Oliver O Howard. Helped unemployed and homeless black people. Founded in 1865. Trained black lawyers, scientists and teachers. Closed in 1872. |
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South Carolina's Freedman Convention |
1865 Right to a fair trial Education Housing |
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President Ulysses S Grant |
Succeeded Johnson Complied to Radical Republican wishes |
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Black codes |
Allowed in the south. No inter racial marriage Segregated schools No vote. |
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Rutherford B Hayes |
Compromise of 1877 Did not win the electoral vote but if he withdrew troops from the south and ended reconstruction he could be president. He's nick clegg. |
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Black societies |
25% of black Americans owned own land in 1910 Money made by black businesses would stay in their economy creating small societies and a small middle class. |
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Harlem |
10% moved north before 1917 and harlem became a black area in NY |
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Jim Crow Laws |
Formal segregation Excused it as it was said to relieve tension and prevent bloodshed |
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Poll tax |
Monetary payment in advance in order to gain the vote |
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Property qualification |
Only property owners could vote |
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Literacy tests |
Had to be able to interpret a section of the constitution |
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Grandfather clauses |
Fathers and grandfathers had to have voted before reconstruction |
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World War 1 |
300,000 served in the war 40,000 saw active service Half went to France where they were treated with more respect White returning soldiers saw their jobs were taken by black Americans and tension rose |
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Henry Johnson |
First man in his regiment to win the french war cross Rescued fellow soldier and suffered 21 wounds |
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Jesse owens |
Won 4 golds in the Olympic games in Berlin 1936 |
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Hattie McDaniel |
Won first Oscar as an African American |
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Marian Anderson |
Black classical singer was refused the right to sing in Constitution Hall which caused a large protest which eleanor Roosevelt supported |
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World War 2 |
GIs went to the UK which was not segregated |
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Emmett Till |
Killed 1955 for saying bye baby to a white woman 2 men never found guilty Open casket funeral in Chicago Lots of media attention |
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Education in 1949 |
$179 spent on average white child $49 spent on average black child Thurgood Marshall argued that the legal system should tackle this |
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Little Rock |
Arkansas 1957 Governor Faubus used national guard troops to prevent the 9 black children from entering the Central High School Mobs gathered and threatened to lynch the children Eisenhower talked with Faubus but all he did was remove the national guard so only police could prevent the mobs from getting to the students Eisenhower put 10,000 national guard troops under federal control and some guards were used to escort the children to and from lessons School was shut down after the eldest black child graduated |
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Civil rights act under Eisenhower |
1957 1960 New sector in justice department to look into cases of abuse of civil rights |
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott |
Dec 1955 Rosa Parks, NAACP secretary, refused to give up her seat for a white man and was arrested. Du Bois and other civil rights activists met in MLKs church Decided on bus boycott which gained unanimous support Lasted for a year Resulted in Browder vs Gayle Nov 1956 |
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Greensboro, North Carolina |
1960 SNCC students began a campaign to end segregation of restaurants in town Organised sit ins at lunch counters |
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Nashville, Tennessee |
1960 500 students organised sit ins in restaurants, libraries and churches College expelled them but 400 teachers threatened resignation Mayor Ben west desegregated the town |
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Freedom rides |
1961 CORE organised with SNCC greyhound rides which tested the desegregation of buses Caused lots of violence |
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Black Panthers |
Huey Newton and Bobby Seales Influenced by Malcolm X Wanted to end police brutality Developed 10 point programme Attracted people from the SNCC Black pride |
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The slaughterhouse case |
1873 Concerned a meat monopoly Ruled that each state controlled own civil rights |
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US vs Cruickshank |
1876 Enforcement Act was unconstitutional |
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Plessy vs Ferguson |
1896 Ruled that segregation of railway carriages was constitutional |
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Mississipi vs Williams |
1898 Ruled poll tax constitutional |
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Guinn vs US |
1915 Outlawed grandfather clauses in Maryland and oklahoma |
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Scottsboro boys |
1932 Two women accused 9 teens of rape on a train 8 sentenced to death. 1 sentenced to life in prison 1 woman retracted her statement Trial was sent to the supreme Court but was sent back 2 boys were under 14 1 was disabled and 1 was blind Last boy let out in the 1980s |
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Buchanan vs Warley |
1917 Found residential segregation to be unconstitutional |
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Moore vs Dempsey |
1923 Failed to uphold death sentences of 12 black Americans because their trials had been dominated by mobs |
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Gaines vs Canada |
1938 Ruled "separate but equal" Lloyd Gaines allowed to go to university of missourri but was shot and killed NAACP pushed for equal salaries for black teachers |
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Smith vs Allwright |
1944 Outlawed white primaries in texas |
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Brown vs the Board of Education |
1954 Earl Warren declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional Used Thurgood Marshall's argument that segregation was psychologically damaging By 1957 less than 12% of schools had been integrated |
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Browder vs Gayle |
1956 Ruled segregation of buses to be unconstitutional |
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Green vs Connally |
1970 Integrated schools did not gain federal funds so in the end 90% of black children went to black schools |
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Regents of the university of california vs Bakke |
1978 White student said that he hadn't been accepted into university due to positive discrimination |
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Warren Harding |
1921 Said south had a superior understanding of the problems with black Americans |
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Calvin coolidge |
Said black rights were sacred |
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Hoover |
No friend to black civil rights Laissez faire |
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FDR |
Preoccupied with saving America so let eleanor take the platform Banned racial discrimination in federal employer and set up fair employment practices commission to monitor this |
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Truman |
Desegregated the army in 1948 Set up presidents committee on civil rights 1946 |
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Lyndon B Johnson |
Passed voting rights bill 1965 |
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Richard Nixon |
Policy of positive discrimination 1% to 12% of industrial workers in philadelphia were black Equal opportunities act 1972 Bussing of black kids to white schools but this led to white kids moving away Laissez faire |
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Jimmy carter |
Appointed 37 black federal judges |
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Ronald Reagan |
Voted against voting act in 1965 Introduced welfare cuts |
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George Bush |
Vetoed 1990 civil rights act 7% of judicials were of an ethnic minority |
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Springfield race riots |
1908 2 white women reported assault from black men 2 men arrested Mobs form trying to lynch them 6 people shot and killed, 2000 blacks driven out Birthplace of Abraham Lincoln |
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Chicago race riot |
1919 Boy swims in white section of Lake michigan and is drowned No arrests 15 whites and 23 blacks killed |
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Tragedy of Elaine |
1919 Farmers met and demanded better prices for cotton crops 2 white officials arrived and 1 person was killed Riots ensued |
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Los Angeles |
1992 Rodney King beaten by police and riots ensued |
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The KKK pre 1900 |
Formed Dec 1865 Opposed blacks voting republican Spread to all southern states by 1868 Disbanded in 1869 KU KLUX ACT 1871 made it an offence to conspire in disguise |
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The KKK after 1900 |
Revived in 1915 1921: 100k members 1924: 5 million members 1930: 30k members Grand dragon DC Stephenson raped and murdered his secretary |
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Booker T Washington |
Attended Hampton university and established Tuskegee Institute in 1881 Viewed as a house negro Atlanta speech 1895 wanted white men to see Black men as economic partners In the end secretly gave money to finance the challenge of segregation laws |
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Ida B Wells |
Friend was lynched in 1884 Challenged idea that women were always innocent in some rape cases Became a writer for New York Age and spoke to the National Association of Coloured Women |
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WEB Du Bois |
Believed Washington was dangerous and Washington said he was jealous Niagara movement 1905 Formed NAACP 1920: 90k members 1930: 50k members Aimed to investigate racism and publicise and take legal action Newspaper 'crisis' |
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Marcus Garvey |
Initially inspired by Washington Set up Universal negro improvement association 1914 Aimed for economic progress and equality Speech in Harlem 1917 Launched newspaper 'the negro world' Provisional president of Africa Thought attempts at integration were pointless Idea of black star line back to Africa but he bought faulty boats and faced bankruptcy in 1921 Held talks with the KKK in 1922 and people saw it as a betrayal A Phillip Randolph called him 'a half wit moron' 5 years in prison for fraud Arrested in 1922 |
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Martin Luther King |
Father was a garveyite Set up Southern Christian Leadership conference Organised night time rallies Assassinated in 1968 |
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Malcolm X |
Northerners didn't like mlk because they did not want passive action Jailed 1946-1952 Converted to nation of Islam Wanted to be separated from white Americans as he believed he was just African Elijah Muhammed did not like how political malcolm had become Malcolm travelled and met white Muslims and he stopped hating white people as much and went on a march with mlk Assassinated 1965 by nation of islam |
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Woodrow Wilson |
1912 Dismissed all black advisors Segregated all government divisions |
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Convict leasing |
Poor banks lease out black convicts for labour |
