Africa

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The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of (1936)

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A treaty between the British imperial government and the Wafd government under Nahas Pasha. The new treaty made concessions to Egyptian nationalism, but altered nothing of substance. Only on the third of the four conditions of 1922 did the British give way: the protection of foreign interests. The treaty required the United Kingdom to withdraw all troops from Egypt except those necessary to protect the Suez Canal and its surroundings, and supply and train the Egyptian army incase of war.

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Apartheid:

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In 1948, a new, extremely racist party came to power in South Africa, known as the Afrikaner National Party of Afrikaans-speaking Whites. Their first order of business included building a much more oppressive system of racist discrimination in every day life. This system was called Apartheid, meaning separateness, in Afrikaans. It classified inhabitants into groups, black, white, colored, and indian. Year after year, new forms of persecution of black people were invented, made legal by Acts of the whites-only parliament, which were ruthlessly enforced by police. ‘Pass laws’ insisted that all blacks must carry a series of residence, work or movement permits. Black organizations responded with non violent protests, which the government responded by passing new laws that punished non violent protesters by lashing with whips or by imprisonment. In1960, in the town of Sharpeville, police fired into a crowd of black people demonstrating against the pass laws. Sixty-seven men, women and children were killed (several shot in the back, suggesting that they were running away from police). The ANC (African National Congress) was the main opposition to apartheid, led by Nelson Mandela (who was imprisoned for life). In the last years of the 1980s, western governments finally condemned apartheid, in 1990 the new leader ( F.W. De Kirk) announced the un-banning of all anti-apartheid groups. A few weeks later, Nelson Mandela was released from jail, after having served 27 years. In 1991, some of the states most racist laws were finally repealed

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UNITA:

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National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( Portuguese: União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola) is the second-largest political party in Angola. Founded in 1966, UNITA fought with the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the Angolan War for Independence (1961–1975) and then against the MPLA in the ensuing civil war (1975–2002).

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Sanussiya:

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Originally a movement of Muslim religious inspiration, founded long before by Sidi Muhammad al-Sanussi. An opposition movement in Libya. The resistance of Sanussiya, under the leadership of Sharif and Muhktar and other Libyans, was overcome by the Italians only in 1932 after years of ruthless warfare.

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Colonial Development and Welfare Act (1929):

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A British Act, enacted in 1929 that stated that British taxpayers money was to be lend to Africa (against payment of debt-interest) for ‘development and welfare.’ Directly after, the Great Depression came, and only some 6.5 million pounds was lend during the 1930s. Most of the aid went to mining equipment, and in helping hard-pressed colonial governments to balance there budget, and very little went to social services.

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Marcus Moziah Garvey:

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Jamaican who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association in New York in 1914. His influence was widely felt across Africa. Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement focusing on Africa known as Garveyism.

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Arab League:

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Created in 1944, a newly formed alliance of arab states, including egypt to protest the unjust creation of the Jewish national State of Palestine (which was created to provide security after the Holocaust, which killed 6 million Jews), but was created at the painful expense of the Arab people of Palestine. Many palestinian Arabs lost homes and land.

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Dinka Peoples:

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The Dinka is a tribe in south Sudan, inhabiting the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin, Jonglei and parts of southern Kordufan and Upper Nile regions. They are mainly agro-pastoral people, relying on cattle herding at riverside camps in the dry season and growing millet (Awuou) and other varieties of grains (rap) in fixed settlements during the rainy season

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Mohamed Siad Barre:

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the military dictator and President of Somalia from 1969 to 1991. He staged a bloodless coup in 1969 to take power.

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Somali Youth League:

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The first political party in Somalia. It played a key role in Somalia's road to independence during the 1950's and 1960's. In the first national elections after independence, held on 30 March 1964, the SYL won an absolute majority of 69 of the 123 parliamentary seats.

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Suez Canal

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:man-made sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. It has been the source of conflict and control throughout its history.

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Ogaden Region:

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the name of a territory comprising the southeastern portion of the Somali Regional State in Ethiopia. The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somali and Muslim. In the late 1970s, internal unrest in the Ogaden resumed. The Western Somali Liberation Front, spurred by Muktal Dahir, used guerrilla tactics to resist Ethiopian rule. Ethiopia and Somalia fought the Ogaden War over control of this region and its peoples.

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John Garang:

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A member of the Dinka people, the First Vice President of Sudan and former leader of the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army.

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Ga’afar al-Nimeiri:

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the President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985. Nimeiry lived in exile in Egypt from 1985 to 1999, in a villa situated in Heliopolis, Cairo. He returned to Sudan in May 1999 to a rapturous welcome that surprised many of his detractors. The next year, he ran in the presidential election against incumbent president Omar al-Bashir, but did poorly, obtaining only 9.6% of the votes.

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Afrique Equatorial Francaise & Afrique Occidental Francaise:

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The two large blocks in which France ruled her African mainland possessions. The federations elected Africans to the French National Assembly in Paris. AOF had 8 territories, AEF had four.

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Kalahari Desert:

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A desert located in Southern Africa, covering parts of Namibia, South Africa and Botswana. The Kalahari supports some animals and plants because most of it is not true desert. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high

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David Livingstone:

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first recorded European to see the Victoria Falls, to which he gave the English name in honor of his monarch, Queen Victoria.

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Zululand (KwaZulu):

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a bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people. The capital, formerly at Nongoma, was moved in 1980 to Ulundi.

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Sahara Desert:

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The world’s largest hot desert located in northern Africa. The desert stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean

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Carthage:

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The first civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic (a form of the word "Phoenician")or Carthaginian. The city of Carthage is located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the centre of Tunis. According to Roman legend it was founded in 814 BCE by Phoenician colonists from Tyre under the leadership of Elissa (Queen Dido). It became a large and rich city and thus a major power in the Mediterranean.