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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inherited Problems of Foreign Policy |
the problems a new administration inherits |
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new problems |
problems which were previously non-existent: obama now dealing with Ukraine, rise of Russia, Syria ISIS and the Arab Spring |
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Problems created by the administration's existing Policies |
the absence of a doctrine makes foreign policy challenging. under Obama foreign policy has tended to be reactionary rather than pro-active. |
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Problems thought to have been fixed by the previous administrations |
Eastern Europe was considered economically and domestically stronger after the cold war. Today, we have the issue of Ukraine |
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Problems created by the type of international system |
as of 2011 we have seen the rise of islamic radicalism, the Arab spring and the Egyptian Coup overthrowing Mursi and the Muslim Brotherhood. the change at the level of the system means we are now dealing with non-state actors which affect all players in the system (ISIS/International terrorism) |
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Post Cold War Era |
Emergence of Globalization to the Soviet Union, 9/11 and the war on terror and the Iraq war |
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Rockfeller Brothers Fund |
peace and security are threatened by none-military threats (global poverty, envirnmental degradation) |
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importance of foreign policy: security threat |
9/11 started it because the threat exists in the country (the USA) and diseases of mass destruction can also threat the USA (almost) everything is internationalized |
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importance for Foreign Policy: in the internationalized economy: |
American economy can be affected by other countries' economy. |
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importance for foreign policy in regard to the Internationalization of domestic issues |
environment, drugs, e emergence of international crime, health issues |
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importance of foreign policy in regard to the Diversity of the American People |
they want foreign policy to influence their country of origins (AIPEC). |
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Foreign Policy strategy |
what is the national interest |
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foreign policy politics |
what the role of institutions (DOD, State Department, CIA) and other actors is and what their influence is. |
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state structural position |
the domestic structure also affects foreign policy (Kenneth Waltz: knowing this structure is knowing its foreign policy strategy)
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1st limitation of state structural explanation |
domestic structure is more of a context than a determinant of choices in foreign policy strategy |
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2nd limitation of state structural explanation |
the game of billiard - according to an external threat you can predict the behaviour of a state. |
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the 4 Ps of National interest objectives |
Power, Peace, Prosperity, Principles |
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Power |
Country A's ability to make country B do what it would not do otherwise: based on Realist thought power is the key requirement for the most basic goal of foreign policy: self-defence and the preseation of national independece and protecting territory, deterring aggression and influencing other states. |
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central points of power |
stresses Pursuit of Interests. Political and military power remain the major currencies of power (deterence). Economic power are not considered international currency but what military power rests upon. principles and values such as democracy and human rights should not be given priority over considerations of power. |
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various forms of use of power |
military intervention (limited use of military force to over throw anti US government - bay of pigs) Self-defence: military action in response to already been attacked (Pearl Harbour) Preemption: military action against an imminent threat prevention: military action against a less than immenent threat. Covert action: secret operations or intelligence conducted to "defend american national interests in the grey areas where military operations and diplomacy cannot operate".
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various forms of use of power (part 2) |
Alliances: key component of defense and deterence strategies. Military assistance: supply of arms, advisers and financing. Coercive statecraft: low-level actions such as protests or public condemnation (withdrawing an Ambassador, economic sanctions) - Russia in the current Ukraine affair/ Iran (nuclear plans).
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examples of US alliances |
1778 - french troops sent to USA to support in the American Revolution. WW1 and WW2: French, Russians and British 1990-1991: gulf War: 26 nation coalition. NATO SEATO Bagdad Pact |
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Peace |
used to stress diplomacy. based on international institutionalism (view the world as a cultivatable garden). "the problem of power is not to be eliminated but a problem to be managed". |
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International Institutionalism |
Reducing war and achieving common interests sufficiently for the international system to be of world order. emphasizes the benefits of cooperation stresses diplomatic means over military ones
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5 types of international institutions |
Global (UN) Economic (IMF, WB) international legal (world court, International criminal court) Policy Area (WHO) Regional (EU)
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examples of use acting as the peace broker |
1973-1975: shuttle diplomacy in the middle east 1995 Dayton accord: ending the war in bosnia |
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Prosperity: |
policies that give high priority to national interests defined in economic terms. based on Economism and Imperialism |
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Economism: |
emphasizes through foreign policy the pursuit of general economic benefits - collective prosperity. |
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Imperialism and neo-colonialism: |
sees American FP as dominated by serving interests of the capitalist class and MNCs and Banks. views prosperity as sought for the private benefit of special interets in ways which explot other countries. |
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Principles: |
values, ideals and beliefs that drive US policy abroad: Democratic idealism American exceptionalism |
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examples where the 4ps did not contradict themselves |
1st gulf war Marshal Plan |
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examples where the 4ps contradicted each other |
1989 - assasination of pro democratic students in china and US implementation of sanctions and revocation of most-favoured-nation status clash between Power+Prosperity and Principles |
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4 patterns for making foreign policy in presidential-congressional relations |
1. cooperation: 2. constructive compromise: 3. Institutional competition: 4. confrontation:
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cooperation |
congress either accepts or declines the presidents suggestion for a coordinated policy. |
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constructive compromise: |
a compromise between the two branches of government to create a better plan then either could have produced alone. |
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Institutional competition |
the conflict is less about the substance of the policy and more about issues of accountability and oversight. |
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confrontation: |
substantial conflict, greater tension between Executive and legislature. |
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2 purposes the constitution serves |
1. grants authority of political power 2. restricts authority of political power |
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3 cores of libleralism |
moral economic political |
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moral liberalism |
Life, Liberty, Property |
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economic liberalism |
decleration of independence broke away from England in the idea that all men are created equally "wealth of nations" Adam Smith's book that established capitalism |
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Political liberalism |
individual consent - the US emphasises individualism rather than communalism representation Constitutionalism popular sovereignty - power should rest inthe people not the government Pluralism: multiple ideas should be voiced, multiple parties |
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what are the states responsible for |
education transportation Washington state - has FP abilities with Japan due to high demand for Washingtonian wood. California - has FP abilities with China dueto high demand of garlic. Texas/Florida - have FP abilities with Mexico and Central/South American countries due to proximity.
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the split of power in the USA |
Legislative (Congress: House of Representatives and Senate ) , Judicial and Executive |
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war powers of congress and President |
President: Commander in Chief Congress: provide for Common defence + Declare War |
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General tools of Legislative branch |
legislation, budget and oversight |
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Policy Enterpreneurship |
opposite of party loyality - congress members can put their name on a specific item (Charlie Wilson). |
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what powers does the congress (house and Senate) have |
Legislative veto power of impeachment (vote of no confidence) regulation of commerce with foreign nations.
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two stages of impeachment |
1. impeachment by the house 2. conviction by the senate |
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Powers of the Senate |
treaty making power - president signs the treaty and it goes to senate for approval: 1. convention on genocide singed in 1948 by Truman ratified in 1980s 2. senate can also alter the treaty. Appointment making powers of judges, Ambassadors & Cabinet Level Secretaries. 1. 70% appointed by president/ 30% approved by senate. Declaration of War
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war powers act |
1. president must inform congress before committing troops into hostilities 2. president must remove any US troops under hostilities within 60 days if Senate doesn't declare war 3. court has declared that declaration of war must be a joint resolution |
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executive agreements |
dont require congressional approval; for minor government-to-government matters |
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decleratory commitments |
Monroe Doctrine - America would protect the Americas against European attack. Truman Doctrine - 1947: Financial support for Greece and Turkey against communist threat. |
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why did nixon continue the vietnam war |
he viewed opponents as enemies and political setbacks ans personal humiliations, which is why kept he Vietnam war effort going despite the evidence that it was failing. |
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presidents worldview |
based on 3 components: 1. conception of the international system 2. national interest hierarchy 3. basic strategy |
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carter vs. reagan |
Carter: 1. conception of international system: CW was over 2. national interest: principles and peace at the top 3. strategy: noninterventionist, emphasis on human rights
Reagan: 1. conception of international system: bipolarity 2. national interest: power at the top 3.strategy: anticommunist/ interventionist |
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beraucracies and Crisis |
since Beraucracies work according to standard operating procedures, in time of crisis the president is given more power since he is able to make fast and decisive decisions. creation of special decision-making teams (EXCON) |
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types of FP interest groups |
1. economic interest groups - Agricultural union 2. Identity groups - AIPAC 3. Political issue groups: Antiwar groups, environmental groups, women's rights groups. state and local governments Foreign governments - embassies/lobbiests.
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stages of foreign policy legislation |
1. writing the bill 2. hearing +mark ups 3. votes on the floors both houses of Congress 4. reconciliation of differences between house and senate bills 5. appropriation process |
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influencing public opinion |
1. strikes and demonstrations: anti globalists conducted demonstrations to raise public opinion - these backfired since the violance on the streets made people turn away from their cause. 2. |
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example of interest group influence |
military-industrial complex |
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role of news media |
presidents want news to be their cheerleaders. |
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influence of media |
1. Agenda Setting - Ethiopian famine was on the foreign policy agenda once it was covered by the news 2. shaping public opinion 3. Influence on policy makers: real time pressure on policy makers |
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how can media shape public opinion |
1. substantive effect: framing effect: how the issue is cast affects the substantive judgement people make priming effect: the public's judgement is influenced by the priority media gives to an issue.
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first aendment |
freedom of press |
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how does public opinion influence FP |
1. Parameter setting 2. centripetal pull towards the middle 3. impact on congress 4. affect diplomatic negotiations 5. through presidential elections
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Opinion influnece on parameter setting |
public opinion imposes limits on the range of president's policy options - what will fly and what wont. |
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opinion influnece on centripetal pull |
pulling the president towards the center in order to build supportive coalitions ex. carter considered taking a liniant course of action towards the soviets and lost public support |
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opinion on Impact on Congress |
congress is sensitive and responds to polls and specific issues dont care about the general public's opinion on foreign policy |
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public opinion affect on diplomatic negotiations |
after the achivement and during the drafting of negotations - us diplomats need to know what terms of the agreement are politically viable back home |
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public opinion affect through presidential elections |
public opinion influence on foreign policy because foreign policy issues have an impact on elections. |
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5 categories of FP |
1. Internationalism Vs. Isolationism 2. Unilateral actions: ex. Monroe Doctrine 3. Multi vs bilateralism: 4. Moral Pragmatism: whether or not moral issues will be in national policies (American Exceptionism) 5. legalism: will FP be based on international laws and regulations and institutions (Peace). |
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American Exceptionalism |
there is something unique about the US. it assumes that the US possesses basic civil and human rights that people everywhere should enjoy. - US has the obligation to share this around the world |
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McMahonism |
US is a naval power for economic purposes - to be a great power you need to be a naval power to control trade |
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why is the USA rich (geopolitics) |
1. natural resources 2. Mechanized Economy 3. peaceful borders 4. highly trained economy and military |
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Heartland Theory (McMahonism) |
he who rules Eastern Europe, commands the heartland, he who rules the heartland commands the world island and whoever commands the world island controls the world. |
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Imperialsim |
to impose indirect control over the domestic affairs of another state (economically speaking) |
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traditional meaning of appeasement |
giving in to the belligerent demands of an adversary through just sacrifice in order to avoid conflict |
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modern meaning of appeasement |
giving into belligerent of an adversary in order to avoid conflict because of fear and weakness, not a just sacrifi |
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FDR pre WW2 sppech |
protecting 1. freedom of religion 2. freedom of speech 3. freedom from want 4. freedom from fear |
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Joseph Nye's 3 step cause for historic events |
1. deep cause 2. intermediate cause 3. percipatating cause |
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Truman |
33rd president - 1945-1953 - containment |
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Eisenhower |
34th president 1953-1961: Deterence/ MAD |
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Kennedy |
35th president 1961-1963 Flexable response Space Race Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile crisis
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Johnson |
36th president 1963-1969: Flexable response Red line - Moscow-Washington |
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Nixon |
37th president 1969-1974: Detente opening doors to China SALT |
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Ford |
38th president 1974-77 |
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Carter |
39th 1977-1981 (FP based on Human Rights) Camp David Accord 1979 Iranian Revolution - reliance on NSA rather than Secretary of State
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Reagan |
1981-1989 ties with Gorochov
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containment |
THE USA WOULD COUNTER ANY SOVIET ATTEMPT TO EXPAND COMMUNISM Financial + Military deterence |
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Nuclear detterence |
a promise of a retaliation so severe the initial attack would not be worth it
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formula for detterence |
will and capacity of retalation |
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Economic containment |
1. March 1947 - Truman Doctrine 2. Marshall Plan 3. GATT 4. IMF 5 World Bank |
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Military Containment |
1. 1949: NATO 2. 1950-1953 - Korean War 3. 1952: Maintaining US Forces in Japan 4. 1953: US action to replace the Democratically elected ruler of Iran by the Shah 5. 1955: SEATO 6. 1955: Bagdad Pact 7. 1955-1975: Vietnam War 8: 1958: US marines to support pro US government in Lebanon |
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NSC-68 |
security planning paper post Chinese revolution with 3 key recomandations 1. globalization of Containment 2. Military Containment - increasing military spending 3. H-Bomb |
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NSC |
formation in 1947 |
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DOD |
established in 1949 |
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Secretary of Defense |
created in 1947 |
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CIA |
created in 1949 |
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EXCON |
special crisis decision making team established to deal with the cuban missile crisis. |
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Detente 4 ps |
Peace: both Soviets and USA had a joined interest in stabalizing europe (CSECE/Helsinki Accord/SALT) Prosperity: grain deal offered to the USSR. Principle: realization that Nixon and Kissinger were unable to change Soviet Principles. Power: |
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fall of the detente |
the soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the fear (Prosperity and Power) that they would access the oil rich persian gulf. |
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OPEC shocks (example of Principle over Prosperity) |
1. as a result of support for israel in the 1973 war 2. 1979: as a result of the Iranian revolution. |
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4ps under regan |
Peace: detente failed to bring peace - peace would not be achieved through negotiations but through strength Power: intensificaiton of containment: extensive military aids and covert actions to the Afghani Mujahedeen fighters Nicaragua: arming anti communist contra's with arms against the communists
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4ps under reagan (2( |
Principles: Regan was very anti communist - did not see them as humans. Prosperity: NEOLIBERALISM |
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power post CW |
international system is considered to be Unipolar with the US as its Pole. similarly to the past the US is taking its power to keep peace and promote democracy taking on the Realist view that: international order is most possible with a dominant hegemon. |
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unilateralism (Power) |
1. unipolar 2. power 3. Benevolent Hegem 4. National not Global Interests 5. Inefficiency of Multilateralism 6. Conservative Domestic Politics -undermining US rights in exchange for international norms |
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Multilateralism (Peace) |
1. International institutionalism 2. Power-Influence conversion -US power is still higher than anyone elses but not as high as it used to be. 3. Not-so-Benign Hegemon 4. National and Global Interests 5. Correct, Not reject: correct international norms dont reject them 6. Liberal Domestic Politics |
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five elements for power based strategy post CW |
1. Military Force: powell doctrine - use military force badassly 1990-1991Persian Gulf War 1990s humanitartian intervention - questioning state sovereignty 9/11 + Iraq war DRONES 2. Nuclear Deterence: while existant has dropped since CW because of Arms disarmmanet treaties 3. Terrorism Detterence: Preemption 4. Defence Budget and overall global strategy: a shift in budget from convetional warfare to special forces, intelligence & servalance 5. Cyber-Securitry |
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Peace post CW |
1. UN 2.WMD non proliferation regime -NPT, Geneva Protocol, CWC 3. ICC 4. Regional Organization (EU) 5. Preventive Diplomacy |
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unique strengths of UN |
1. global membership 2. UNSC 3. UN Programs |
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US Foreign Policy concered with Prosperity post CW |
all relying on Globalization 1. International Trade - Bretton Woods - reliance on foreign Oil - a challenge to other national interests 2. US international goals for International Finance: to help provide the monetary and financial stability necessary for global economi growth. (IMF and membership in G7) 3. International Development: Sustainable development - meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 4. Global Public health humanitarian dimension prosperity and importance of global health to fight against global poverty national security and considerations of peace and power 5. Global Environmental Issues:
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US foreign policy concerened with Principles post CW |
1. Democracy promotion strategies 1.facilitating free and fair elections 2. building strong and accountable political institutions 3. establishing free press 4. protecting human rights 2. Principles and peace: the democratic peace theory: 3. switching from ABC (anything but communist ) to ABT (anything but terrorist)
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importance of FP post CW |
1. potential threats 2. Internationalized Economy 3. Internationalization of Domestic Issues 4. Diversity of American Population 5. impossible to continue being true to core values if they ignore international violations |
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Gulf War (power + Prosperity) Executive vs Legislative |
1. Bush proposal of initial deployment in accordance to WPR (approved by both houses) 2. UN approves a Bush administration resolution identifieing Jan 15th as final deadline for iraq withdrawl from Kuwait (and authorization to use all necessary means) after that date. 3. Congress accused of being spinless and not taking a side (pro or against the resolution) 4. Jan 16th 1991: Operation Desert Shield launched. |
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Humanitarian operations (power and Peace and Princaple) |
1. 1992 - Somalia (UN) 2. 1994 - Haiti (unsuportive congress as a result of failure of somalia) 3. 1995 - Bosnia (NATO) (unsupportive but not stopping congress) 4. 1999 - Kosovo (no Congress response really)
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military operations in 2000s |
1. 2001 - Afghanistan (overwhelming congressional support) 2. 2003 - Iraq War: Congress supported the operation 3. Lybian Intervention - Obama approved aerial support of Lybian rebels without congressional approval 4. Counterterrorism Drone attacks (hit list) the exposure of a hitlist calling for greater congressional involvement/oversight |
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Why did Congress support Military operation in Iraq 1 |
1. fear of terrorism 2. Sadam Hussain's track record
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criticism of Iraq War |
Presidential: bush blamed for Manipulated inteligence reports + attempting to bypass Congress Congressional: congress was lazy - it waited until bush asked for their approval and did not get involved in the initial process
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Bush 41 |
(1989-1993) administration: 1. all prior FP governmental experience. 2. long time friends of president. critique of homogenouity
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Clinton |
42 president (1993-2001) 1. appointment of Madeleine Albright as the first female Secretary of state 2. enhanced FP role played by Vice President Al Gore.
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Bush 43 |
2001-2008: split between DOD and State Department DOD- Conservative State Department - Moderate
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Obama |
44th president 2009- present 2 alternatives Bin Ladin assasition: 1. bombing compound (less risky - unable to confirm death) 2. Helicopter Navy Seals to caputre bin Laden |
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controversial changes in 2nd Obama Administration |
1. appointment of Chuck Hagel - a Republican that the republicans opposed his appointment (questionable relation to Israel) + opposition to Iraq war - supporters raised the Bipartisanship of Republican Secretary and Democrate president |
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Issues for Inteligence agencies |
dillemas invloving high quality intelligence versus operating within democratic priciples and laws |
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Imprtant lessons from 1978 Afghanistan Communist war and 1980-1988 Iraq Iran WAR |
DONT SUPPLY ANY POSSIBLE ENEMY WITH ARMS IT WILL BIT YOU IN THE ASS |
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bush's (43) failure in Iraq War |
won the war but was unable to achieve peace or stability to Iraq |
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Power in support of Iraq War |
America Showed the world how strong it was. America leads the world, if you go against us we will crush you (Obama failed to do so in Syria) |
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Power against Iraq war |
proved the weakness of the US administration, by not achieving its goal. Deterrence? the US revealed its shortcomings to the world. |
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Peace for the Iraq war |
successful elimination of Enemy of USA (Saddam Hussein) who blocked any peace efforts made by other Muslim leaders with Israel and Kurds |
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Peace against the Iraq war |
thin line between being liberator and occupier/ removal of Saddam Hussein and strong authoritarian ruler increased instability and terrorism in and outside Iraq. diminishing American reputation |
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Prosperity for the Iraq war |
securing Iraqi Oil - a pro western regime will not use the supply of oil as a threat. Integration of Iraq into the open neoliberal market will be a role model to other countries. |
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prosperity against the Iraq war |
high cost of war -$3 trillion increase in Oil prices |
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principles for the Iraq war |
democratization of the region sparks where seen in Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt Tunisia and Libya (Arab Spring) |
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Principles against the Iraq War |
underming of US principles 1. Abu Ghraib Jail where US forces tortured prisoners 2. Haditha Massacre by US forces of unarmed iraqi cevilians
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