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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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foods (big molecules) are broken down (digested) to form.... |
complex carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
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smaller molecules (sugars, fatty acids and glycerol, or amino acids) |
can diffuse into the blood and be carried to the tissues of the body, where they diffuse in to those hungry cells... In the cells, these small molecules (sugar, etc.) are used to either release ENERGY or to build new big molecules |
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Cellular Respiration |
the ultimate function is to release energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules in a controlled way. the energy must be in a form that living cells can use; it must be in the form for ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Cellular Respiration (reactants and products) |
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
*the energy that is made it what attaches to phosphates that turns into ADP to recharge ATP |
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ATP ----> ADP + P + energy |
ADP + P + energy ----> ATP |
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cellular respiration can be broken down into 3 major phases..... |
1. glycolysis 2. the Krebs Cycle 3. the Electron Transport Chain |
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glycolysis |
*occurs in cytoplasm *does not require oxygen (anaerobic) *6 carbon molecule glucose is split into 2 molecules of the 3 carbon compound pyruvic acid * releases energy to form some ATP and also produces some high energy electrons ** net +2 ATPs + high energy electrons + H** |
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NAD - high energy electron carrier - FAD |
NADH - high energy electron
* (the step diagram) energy released is used to create a concentration gradient of H |
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the Krebs Cycle |
*occurs in mitochondria *each 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecule loses a carbon (now CO2), and forms the 2 carbon acetyl coenzyme A. These combine with a 4 carbon compound oxaloacetic acid to form the 6 carbon citric acid *also known as Citric Acid Cycle *each citric acid enters a series of reactions that release 2 carbon atoms (making 2 carbon dioxides), synthesize ATP, and produce high energy electrons that enter the electron transport chain **+2 ATP/glucose + high energy electrons + H**
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Electron Transport Chain |
*oxygen is required (aerobic respiration) *creates 90% of ATP *the high energy created in glycolysis and Krebs contain most of the energy that was tied up in the chemical bonds of glucose * in a series of reactions in the mitochondrion, special carrier molecules bring the high energy electron to a series of enzymes that convert much of the remaining energy into ATP *water and heat are also produced |
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Anaerobic Fermentation |
when cells require energy at a rate than we are able to provide the cell with oxygen ATP is synthesized by way of anaerobic respiration. pyruvic acid molecules broken down into lactic acid. this produces less ATP than aerobic respiration not a good way to make ATP. (ex. sprinting, lactic acid responsible for burning in muscles when fatigued) **glycolysis +2 ATP **3 pyruvates ----> 3 carbon lactates |
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**fact** |
lack of oxygen in the electron transport chain also stops the Krebs Cycle even though it alone does not require oxygen |
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mass of water x change of temp x 1 cal/g/cel = calories
calories/change of mass g = ______ cal/g |
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