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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The infant mortality rate definition:
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Number of deaths of children under 1 year of age in one calendar year per 1000 live births in the same calendar year
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Global infant mortality rate (2010):
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50
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When do most deaths of children occur?
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First day of life
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Top three death causes in neonates:
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1. Preterm birth complications (12%)
2. Birth asphyxia (9%) 3. Sepsis (6%) |
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Top three death causes in children from 1- 59 months:
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1. Diarrhoea (14%)
2. Pneumonia (14%) 3. Other infections (9%) |
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Main contributor to mortality in children from 1- 12 months:
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Congenital abnormalities, conditions related prematurity and SUDS
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Main contributor to mortality in children > 1 year and adults with 3 subgroups:
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Truma:
1. Injuries incompatible with life 2. Respiratory failure, circulatory insufficiency and increased intracranial pressure secondary to effects of injury 3. Increased intracranial pressure, infections and multi-organ failure. |
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Main cause of childhood death in developing countries:
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1. Pneumonia
2. Diarrhoea 3. Measles 4. Malaria 5. Malnutrition |
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Cardiorespiratory arrest in children
a) Secondary to: b) Caused by: |
a) Hypoxia
b) Birth asphyxia, foreign body inhalation, bronchiolitis, asthma, neurological dysfunction (convulsions, poisoning, increased ICP) and circulatory failure |
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Causes of fluid loss:
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1. Gastroenteritis
2. Burns 3. Trauma |
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Causes of fluid maldistribution within the circulatory system:
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1. Sepsis
2. Anaphylaxis |
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Newborn weight:
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3,5 kg
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Formula for weight
a) 0-12 months b) 1-5 years c) 6-12 years |
a) kg= (0.5x age in months) +4
b) kg= (2x age in years) + 8 c) kg= (3x age in years) +7 |
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Anatomically differences in airways of a young child:
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1. Large head and short neck--> flexion of head and narrowing of airways
2.Loose teeth 3. Large tounge 4. Narrow nostrils 5. High larynx (C2-C4) 6. Compressible floor of mouth 7. <6 months: nasal breathers 8. Horseshoe shaped epiglottis |
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Intubation of infants
a) Why use straight blade? b) Why not use tube with cuff? |
a) Because of high larynx
b) Because the narrowest part of the upper airway is at the level of the cricoid (where the cuff is) and it has a lot of connective tissue and is susceptible to edema. |
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Why not flex the head of an infant?
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Because trachea is short and soft and overextension of the neck may cause tracheal compression
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A rapid respiration rate with an increased tidal volume, but with no recession is a sign of:
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Metabolic acidosis secondary from circulatory failure
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Urine output of less the 1ml/ kg in children and less then 2ml/kg in infants indicates:
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Inadequate renal perfusion during shock
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Features that help to highlight a cardiac problem, which may occur secondary to serious illness of injury (e.g. sepsis, chest trauma):
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Cyanosis despite oxygen therapy
Marked tachycardia Raised jugular venous pressure Gallop rhythm/ murmur Enlarged liver Absent femoral pulses |
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A child who only responds to pain or do not respond at all are in:
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A significant degree of coma equivalent to a GCS of 8 or less
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Hypoglycemia treatment in a child:
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Bolus of glucose 2ml/kg of 10 % glucose followed by an IV infusion of glucose
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Stridor following ingestion/ inhalation of a known allergen:
a) Possible diagnosis b) Treatment |
a) Anaphylaxis
b) IM adrenaline harsh |
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Stridor with a barking cough and sever respiratory distress:
a) Possible diagnosis b) Treatment |
a) Severe croup
b) Nebulised adrenaline |
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Shocked children with no obvious fluid loss
a) Possible diagnosis b) Treatment |
a) Sepsis
b) IV cefotaxime/ cefriaxone |
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Neonates with unresponsive shock
a) Possible diagnosis b) Treatment |
a) Duct- dependent congenital heart disease
b) Prostin |
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Depressed conscious level or convulsions during acute febrile illness
a) Possible diagnosis b) Treatment |
a) Meningitis/ encephalitis
b) Cefoaxtime/ acyclovir (check blood glucose level) |
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Unconscious children with pinpoint pupils:
a) |
a) Opiate poisoning
b) Naloxone |
