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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Red blood cells provide ____________ and remove ____________________. |
Provide oxygen and remove CO2. |
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Blood is approximately ______ water and _____ dissolved substances (solutes) |
92% and 8% |
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The continuous movement of blood guarantees that critical components are available to all parts of the body to carry out what chief functions? |
(1) delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism in the tissues
(2) removal of the wastes of cellular metabolism
(3) defense against invading microorganisms and injury
(4) maintenance of acid-base balance |
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Plasma |
A complex aqueous liquid containing a variety of organic and inorganic elements. The concentration of these elements varies depending on diet, metabolic demand, hormones, and vitamins. |
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Serum |
Plasma that has been allowed to clot in the laboratory in order to remove fibrinogen and other clotting factors that may interfere with some diagnostic tests. |
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What percentage of blood is plasma and what percentage is formed elements? |
55% plasma and 45% formed elements |
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Plasma proteins can be classified into what two major groups? |
Albumin and globulins |
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Most plasma proteins are produced by the _________ except for __________________, which are produced by plasma cells in the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues |
Liver and antibodies (immunoglobulins) |
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Albumin |
- Makes up 60% of total plasma protein
- Serves as a carrier molecule for normal components of blood as well as drugs that have low solubility in water
- Most essential role is regulation of the passage of water and solutes through the capillaries.
- Albumin molecules are large and do not diffuse freely through the vascular endothelium, and thus they maintain the critical colloidal osmotic pressure that regulates the passage of water and solutes into the surrounding tissues
- In the case of decreased production (e.g., cirrhosis, other diffuse liver diseases, protein malnutrition) or excessive loss of albumin (e.g., certain kidney diseases, extensive burns), the reduced oncotic pressure leads to excessive movement of fluid and solutes into the tissue and decreased blood volume.
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What are the remaining plasma proteins outside of albumin called? |
Globulins |
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Plasma proteins are classified into groups by what functions?
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Clotting, defense, transport, or regulation.
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What are the cellular elements of the blood? |
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
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Erythrocytes |
- Most abundant cells of the blood
- Primarily responsible for tissue oxygenation
- Contains hemoglobin, which carries the gases, and electrolytes, which regulate diffusion through a cell’s plasma membrane
- Mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus and organelles, so cannot synthesize protein or carry out oxidative reactions.
- Because it cannot undergo mitotic division, the erythrocyte has a limited life span |
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2 unique properties of RBC's |
Biconcave shape - allows for optimal gas diffusion
Ability to be reversibly deformed - allows RBC's to squeeze into areas smaller than them and then to regain normal shape when they exit |
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Classifications of leukocyte structure |
Granulocytes or agranulocytes |
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Classifications of leukocyte functions |
Phagocytes or immunocytes |
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Which leukocytes are structurally granulocytes and function as phagocytes? |
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
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Which leukocytes are structurally agranuolcytes and function as phagocytes? |
Monocytes and macrophages |
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Which leukocytes are structurally agranuolcytes and function as immunocytes? |
Lymphocytes |
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Granulocytes |
- Have many membrane-bound granules in their cytoplasm that contain enzymes capable of killing microorganisms and catabolizing debris ingested during phagocytosis.
- The granules also contain powerful biochemical mediators with inflammatory and immune functions. These mediators, along with the digestive enzymes, are released from granulocytes in response to specific stimuli. -
- The biochemical mediators have vascular and intercellular effects and the enzymes participate in the breakdown of debris from sites of infection or injury.
- Granulocytes are capable of amoeboid movement, by which they migrate through vessel walls (diapedesis) and then to sites where their action is needed |
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Neutrophils |
- Most numerous and best understood of the granulocytes
- Their cytoplasm contains small lysosomal granules and a central nucleus with two to five distinct lobes.
- Reach a fully mature state in the bone marrow
- Are the chief phagocytes of early inflammation. They ingest and destroy microorganisms and debris and then die in 1 or 2 days. Dead neutrophils then release digestive enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules that dissolve cellular debris and prepare the site for healing. |
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Eosinophils |
- Have large, coarse granules
- Capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis.
- Ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses and are induced by mast cell chemotactic factors to attack parasites.
- Secondary granules contain toxic chemicals that are highly destructive to parasites and viruses. The eosinophil granules contain a variety of enzymes that help to control inflammatory processes.
- Release leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor, and a variety of cytokines that augment the inflammatory response
- Type I hypersensitivity allergic reactions and asthma are characterized by high numbers of circulating eosinophils, which may be involved in a dual role of regulation of inflammation and may contribute to the destructive inflammatory processes observed in the lungs of persons with asthma |
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Basophils |
- Contain cytoplasmic granules that have an abundant mixture of biochemical mediators
- Stimulation of basophils induces synthesis of vasoactive lipid molecules and cytokines.
- Basophils produce IL's that favor B-cell differentiation
- The numbers of basophils are often increased at sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and parasitic infection, particularly exoparasites (e.g., ticks). |
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Mast cells |
- Highly similar to basophils, but are generated from a different set of precursor cells in the bone marrow
- They reside in vascularized connective tissues just beneath body epithelial surfaces
- Play a central role in inflammation, and their activation and degranulation affect a great number of cells, including those involved in inflammation and healing, as well as glandular cells and cells of the immune system.
- Their activation contributes greatly to increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction |
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Agranulocytes |
- Differ from granulocytes in that they contain relatively fewer granules in their cytoplasm.
- The lymphocytes do not contain any enzyme-filled digestive vacuoles, and the digestive vacuoles of the monocytes and macrophages are larger and fewer than those of the granulocytes. |
