Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Standard abdominal plain film is
|
AP Recumbent
KUB- kidneys, ureter, bladder |
|
|
Which view is good for evaluating bowel gas patterns?
|
AP Upright abdomen
|
|
|
Which imaging is not possible for acute abdominal aortic aneurysm?
|
MRI
|
|
|
The most common site for conduit wall calcifications?
|
Walls of arteries
|
|
|
Abdominal aortic aneurysm represents what kind of calcification?
|
Cystic
|
|
|
95% of AAA's occur in patients between what ages?
|
60 - 80
(Males 4 : 1) |
|
|
Over what measurement of AAA requires immediate consultation?
|
7 cm
|
|
|
Are abdominal aneurysms stable or unstable?
|
Unstable lesions
|
|
|
Where is the second most frequent site for abdominal arterial calcifications?
|
Iliac arteries
|
|
|
Vas deferens calcification is most commonly associated with what other pathology?
|
Diabetes
|
|
|
Which calcification is the most diverse presentation of abdominal calcifications?
|
Solid mass calcification
|
|
|
Solid mass calcification may occur where?
|
ANYWHERE!
|
|
|
Most common causes of calcified mesenteric lymph nodes?
|
Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis
|
|
|
A benign tumor containing smooth muscle?
|
Leiomyoma
|
|
|
Dermoid cysts contain which dermal layers?
|
All three
- may contain teeth, hair, fat |
|
|
Injection granuloma results from what?
|
Subcutaneous fat necrosis
|
|
|
Which pathology is seen around the soft tissues around the hip? (Gluteus medius)
|
Injection granuloma
|
|
|
Defined as calcium deposition within the wall of an abdominal fluid filled structure
|
Cyst wall calcification
|
|
|
2/3 of splenic cysts are caused by what?
|
Echinococcus
|
|
|
Represents a calcified mass that forms in a tubular or hollow structure
|
Concretions
|
|
|
4F's are indicative of what?
|
Cholelithiasis (gall stones)
|
|
|
What percent of gall stones calcify?
|
10 - 20%
|
|
|
Pancreatic calculi are associated with what?
|
Chronic pancreatitis secondary to alcoholism
|
|
|
Represents a calcified thrombus within a vein
|
Phleobliths
|
|
|
Caused by chronic low level dehydration or infection
|
Urinary stones
|
|
|
May cause hydronephrosis which can lead to renal failure
|
Staghorn calculus
|
|
|
What kind of stones should you be looking for on plain film lumbar extension films?
|
Urinary stones
|
|
|
Most common treatment of urinary calculi
|
Extracorpal lithotripsy
|
|
|
Jackstone refers to what?
|
Bladder stones
|
|
|
What kind of contrast material is used in a single contrast abdominal study?
|
Opaque (barium sulfate)
|
|
|
Single contrast studies are performed for what?
|
Visualize morphology of the bowel
|
|
|
Double contrast studies are performed for what?
|
Visualizing the mucosal pattern
|
|
|
Hampton's Line
|
- Rim of edema around an ulcer
- Means the ulceration is benign |
|
|
What could be located at the posterior pharynx at the cricopharyngeous muscle?
|
Zenker's Diverticulum
- May be seen just anterior to C6/C7 |
|
|
Most common region for ulcers?
|
Duodenum
|
|
|
Majority of ulcers occur where?
|
Lesser curvature, antrum or body
|
|
|
Most common type of hernia?
|
Sliding hiatal hernia
|
|
|
Rule of 3's
|
- No more than 3 air/fluid levels
- No more than 3cm of bowel distension - The distance between the folds should not exceed 3mm |
|
|
Mechanical bowel obstruction is most commonly caused by what?
|
Adhesions from previous surgery
|
|
|
Characteristics of dyanmic ileus
|
Strong peristaltic contractions (trying to force out the obstruction)
|
|
|
Characteristics of adynamic ileus
|
Air collection in dilated loops; bowel is exhausted and peristalsis stops
|
|
|
Recognized by the presence of an enlarged scrotum that contains multiple loops of air-filled bowel
|
Inguinal hernia
|
|
|
Chron's disease occurs where?
|
Anywhere in the digestive tract
|
|
|
Discontinuous and asymmetric involvement of GI tract refers to what?
|
Chron's disease
|
|
|
Early phase of Chron's disease
|
Granulomatous inflammation
|
|
|
Radiographic signs of Chron's disease
|
- Cobblestone appearance
- Skip lesions |
|
|
Marked narrowing of ridged loops from strictures
|
String Sign
|
|
|
Cause of colonic diverticulosis? Where does it usually occur?
|
- Low fiber diet
- Sigmoid colon |
|
|
Chron's predominantly occurs on which side?
|
RIGHT
|
|
|
Which view will complete a true chest study?
|
AP Thoracic
|
|
|
Diagnostic Criteria: Full Inspiration
|
10th rib posteriorly
|
|
|
Diagnostic Criteria: Exposure
|
T6 IVD
|
|
|
Diagnostic Criteria: Top Margin
|
See the lung apices
|
|
|
Diagnostic Criteria: Bottom/Lateral Margin
|
See the lateral costophrenic angles
|
|
|
Which side is against the film on a lateral chest?
|
LEFT
|
|
|
Which film is good for evaluating trapped air in the lungs?
|
Expiratory film
|
|
|
Which film is good for evaluating a pneumothorax?
|
Expiratory film
|
|
|
Which film is good for evaluating pleural effusion?
|
Lateral decubitus
|
|
|
Which modality is best for assessing the thorax?
|
Computed Tomography
|
|
|
What is necessary for exact diagnosis of pulmonary lesions?
|
Fine Needle Biopsy
|
|
|
What is the most common reason for unilateral hyperlucent hemithorax?
|
Unilateral mastectomy
|
|
|
Fissures are only visible when?
|
Parallel to the x-ray beam
|
|
|
Which fissure is seen in the right lung only?
|
Minor Fissure
|
|
|
Minor fissure separates which two lobes?
|
RUL from RML
|
|
|
Right major fissure separates what?
|
RLL from the RUL & RML
|
|
|
Left major fissure separates what?
|
LUL from the LLL
|
|
|
Bronchiolar-alveolar communications
|
Canals of Lambert
|
|
|
Tiny intra-alveolar openings
|
Pores of Kohn
|
|
|
Tracheal air shadow should cover what?
|
Spinous processes
|
|
|
Carina usually occurs where?
|
T5-T6
|
|
|
Which pleura lines the thoracic cage, mediastinum and diaphragm?
|
Parietal
|
|
|
Visceral pleura lines what?
|
Invests the lungs
|
|
|
Thickening of the pleura may be seen in the apex of the lungs
|
Apical pleural cap
|
|
|
Pectus excavatum will cause the heart shadow to shift which direction?
|
LEFT
|
|
|
Failure of muscular development of the hemidiaphragms will result in what?
|
Eventration
|
|
|
Tenting indicates what?
|
Previous inflammation or scar tissue
|
|
|
Which hila is higher?
|
LEFT
|
|
|
Cardiothoracic Ratio
|
The great right to left diameter of the heart shadow should not exceed half the diameter of the thoracic cage
|
|
|
Sagittal dimension in males? In females?
|
Males: 13 cm
Females: 11 cm Between T8 vertebral body and sternum |
|
|
What is in the anterior mediastinum?
|
PATH
- Pericardium - ASCENDING aorta - Thymus - Heart - Lymph is in all of them |
|
|
What is in the middle mediastinum?
|
BATE
- Brachiocephalic vessels - Aortic arch and DESCENDING aorta - Trachea/carina/hila - Esophagus - Lymph nodes are in all of them |
|
|
What is in the posterior mediastinum?
|
SNF
- Spine - Neural tissues - Fat Lymph nodes are in all of them |
|
|
Silhouetted interface in the RML, medial segment
|
Right atrium
|
|
|
Silhouetted interface in the LUL, lingular segment
|
Left heart border
|
|
|
Conditions that must exist for air bronchogram to be present
|
- The bronchi must be present
- The bronchi must have air in them - The surrounding lung tissue must be of water density |
|
|
Mass outside of the lung pressing into the pleura
|
Extrapleural sign
KITTY! Convexity TOWARD lung |
|
|
Represents obliteration of the costophrenic angle
|
Meniscus sin
|
|
|
Refers to collapse or loss of volume of segments of the lung
|
Atelectasis
|
|
|
Atelectasis is the opposite of what?
|
Consolidation
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of a mediastinal mass?
|
Lymphadenopathy
|
|
|
Pneumothorax will result in a mediastinal shift towards or away from the pneumothorax?
|
AWAY
|
|
|
Small congenital bubble on or near the pleura
|
Bleb
|
|
|
Which pneumothorax is an emergency situation
|
Tension pneumothorax
|
|
|
99% of masses that demonstrate calcification within them are benign or malignant?
|
Benign :)
|
|
|
Most common benign neoplasm?
|
Hamartoma
|
|
|
Smallest unit of air space seen on an xray
|
Acinar shadow
|
|
|
Interstitial Pattern DDx?
|
LIFE Lines
L: lymphatic spread (carcinoma) I: infection/inflammation F: fibrosis E: edema (CHF)/emphysema |
|
|
Role of the Chest Radiograph
|
- Confirm the clinical suspicion of pneumonia
- Rule out predisposing causes - Follow course of the pneumonia to resolution |
|
|
Most common cause of alveolar pattern pneumonia
|
Streptococcus pneumonia
|
|
|
Does alveolar pneumonia cross the fissures?
|
NO!
|
|
|
Most common cause of bronchopneumonia?
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
Bronchopneumonia begins where? How does it spread?
|
Beings in the terminal bronchus; spreads through the pores of Kohn
|
|
|
Infiltration of the wall of the bronchus and the interlobular septa
|
Interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
Fungal Brothers
|
- Histoplasmosis
- Coccidiodomycosis - Blastomycosis |
|
|
Most common fungal infection in the US?
|
Histoplasmosis
|
|
|
Histoplasmosis is caused by what?
|
Inhaling the organism
|
|
|
Do Histoplasmosis granulomas calcify?
|
Yes! - Mulberry pattern
|
|
|
Histoplasmosis looks radiographically identical to what?
|
Tuberculosis
|
|
|
Post-Primary Histoplasmosis is more aggressive or less aggressive than the primary form?
|
More aggressive
|
|
|
Coccidiomycosis is endemic where?
|
San Joaquin Valley fever
SW United States |
|
|
Night sweats are indicative of what kind of tuberculosis?
|
Post-Primary Tuberculosis
|
|
|
Post-Primary Tuberculosis likes which area of the lung?
|
Upper lungs on the right
|
|
|
Which tuberculosis is the worst?
|
Miliary
|
|
|
Most common therapy for tuberculosis?
|
Chemotherapy
|
|
|
Most common lethal cancer in both men and women?
|
Bronchogenic carcinoma
|
