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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the aldehyde form of vitamin A called?
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All-trans retinal
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T/F: Lutein is a good source of vitamin A.
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FALSE; Lutein is not a vitamin A source- It is the colors in plants in the fall.
*Lutein is hydroxylated at both ends |
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What protein carrier binds retinol in enterocytes and other cells?
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Cellular retinol-binding prtein (CRBP) II
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Name the two proteins responsible for transport of retinol in the blood.
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Retinol-binding protein (RBP)- In blood
Transthyretin (TTR) *These two proteins create a sandwich. |
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What is the hormone form of vitamin A?
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Retinoic acid
*Sends a message to a cell to help another cell by dividing |
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What is the visual protein that binds to vitamin A in the eye?
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OPSIN binds to the retinal and forms RODOXIN
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1 RAE is how many ug of beta-carotene?
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12 mg of b-carotene
(24 for a-carotene) |
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Why should pregnant women not eat a lot of liver?
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It is a teratogen which means it is poisonous to the fetus
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How is vitamin A status best measured in the blood?
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Blood/plasma retinol levels
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Which do we usually get more vitamin D from- Sun or food?
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SUN
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Of the 4 vitamins, which 2 are not true vitamins?
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Vitamin D and K!
*D from sun, K from intestinal bacteria |
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What foods are commonly fortified with vitamin D?
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Orange juice, cereals, and milk
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What is the difference in structure between vitamin D2 and D3?
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D2 has a single double bond in the tail.
D3 has no double bonds- common form that we eat |
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In what two organs is vitamin D hydroxylated?
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Liver first, then kidneys when it turns into the hormonal form.
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What is the name of the hormone form of vitamin D?
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Calcitriol
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Where in the body is the best place to measure vitamin D status?
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The plasma concentration of the calcidiol (common form stored in blood)
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Who needs supplements of vitamin D?
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People at high latitudes, Africna Americans, and nursing women
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What are the three mechanisms by which the body raises blood Ca levels?
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*Increases calcitriol which travels the bone
*Stimulates kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption *Increases absorption from the intestines into blood |
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Where is VDR and what does it do?
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Vitamin D receptor: Calcitriol binds to it to increase gene expression
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Name 3 chronic diseases that vitamin D may lower.
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*Type II diabetes
*Breast cancer *Colon cancer *Rheumatoid arthritis |
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What is the deficiency disease for vitamin D in children and adults?
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Children= Rickets
Adults= Osteomalacia |
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What are the differences between the family of tocopherols and the family of tocotrienols?
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Double bonds are on the tocoteienols, while the tocopherols don't have any
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What does tocopherol mean in Greek?
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To bring forth child birth
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What foods are high in vitamin E?
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Plant oils, margarine, whole grains, nuts, legumes
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Why is alpha-tocopherol higher in blood than other tocopherols?
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Selective binding of a-tocopherol to a-tocopherol transfer protein (aTTP) in liver to plasma
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What is a free radical?
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Atom with unbonded electron that is unatable and very reactive. Most are unpaired oxygens
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Which form of vitamin E is most active?
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A-tocopherol
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Name some favorite targets of free radicals that may cause chronic diseases/
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*DNA when damaged can cause cancers by ruining the genetic codes
*The LDLs can cause athersclerosis *Damage of lining of cells in arteries leads to heart disease |
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When alpha-tocopherol accepts a free radical electron, it passes it to which water-soluble vitamin?
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Vitamin C
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Which chronic diseases were supplements of vitamin E successful in lowering the risk of?
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NONE
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Where is vitamin E stored in the body?
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Adipose tissue
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What is the difference between the phylloquinones and menaquinones?
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Phyllo- mostly plant sources and don't have methyl groups
Mena- made in bacteria by inestine |
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What are the best food sources for vitamin K?
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Dark leafy greens
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Where does the menaquinones principally come from?
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*Absorbed by passive diffusion
*From bacteria in the intestine |
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What is the turnover rate of vitamin K compared to the other fat-soluble vitamins?
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HIGHER turnover rate because there are lower body stores of vitamin K
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Which amino acid does vitamin K assist in the carboxylation of
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Glutamic acid
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What process in the blood does this carboxylation necessary for
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Blood clotting process
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WHat drug interferes with this process?
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Warfarin/cumadin
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What are the dietary recommendation for such people?
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Eat very little, no green leady veggies
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Name two other body processes that vitmain K is critical for
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*Bone formation with osteocalcin
*Matrix Gla protein |
