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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prescriptive grammar
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to prescribe rules for language
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1700s
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when was prescriptive grammar popular?
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descriptive grammar
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to describe language and how people use it
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transformational-generative grammar
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takes into account the mind behind language or the biological connection with language
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grammar; function and relation
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set of rules that govern conversation and composition; also the study of classes of words and their _ and _ in the a sentence
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grammar
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study of what is preferred and what is to be avoided
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Standard English
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thoughtful, proper use of the language
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linguistics
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the scientific study of language and its structure
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morphology
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study of the forms of word structures
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phonetics
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study of speech sounds
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semantics
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the meanings of words
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syntax
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arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences
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greek alphabet
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who was first to assign letter to every vowel and consonant of language?
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24
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how many letters in the greek alphabet?
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Dionysius Thorax
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wrote "The Art of Grammar" around 100 BCwhere this person classified words into eight categories; this is why we now have eight parts of speech in our English language today
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Pricsian
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a roman who also classified words into eight divisions in 100 AD
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British Isles; 436 AD; Jutes, Angles, Saxons
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around 55 BC, Romans invaded the _ and stayed until _ when some other invaders, the _,_,_
came |
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northern wales, Scotland, England; different; understand each other; Old English
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the invaders of the British Isles after the Romans left pushed the natives up into _; they spoke _ language but could still _; this is what we refer to as _
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Old English
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spoke this from 500- 1100 AD
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decline of Roman Empire; start of renaissance; Middle Ages
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500 AD was the decline of _ and in 1500 was the start of _; this was the era known as _
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7; trivium; quadririum
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in the middle ages, if you were educated you would have studied _ liberal arts: _ which consisted of grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and _ which consisted of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music
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speculative grammar
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interested in whether language mirrored reality
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when William the Conqueror defeats the British in the Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD
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where does Old English become Middle English?
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Middle English
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Spoken from 1100-1500 AD
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English; latin
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in 1348, _ replaced _ as the language of instruction in most Britain schools
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Oxford and Cambridge; church
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only two schools who still taught Latin which made them very prestigious because Latin was the language of the _
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Beowulf
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best literary example of Old English
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The Canterbury Tales
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best literary example of Middle English
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French; English; The Statute of Pleading
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in 1362, a decree was established that changed the language of the law from _ to _. what was the decree called?
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the plague
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what constituted the rise of merchant class in the middle ages?
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renaissance; rebirth
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1500-1650 AD was the _ era which means _ of culture in Europe
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William Caxton
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first English printer in 1476 was _
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classical and vernacular
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_ languages means learn them in school; _ means learn them in home and community
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The Soltaires; all
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established idea of universal grammar where they could write grammar rules that apple to _ languages
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Modern English
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from 1500- present, _ has been and is being spoken
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Great Vowel Shift; back; front; shorter
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see a change in pronunciation that happens over a period of 100 years; they started moving vowel sounds from _ to _ and vowels became _
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the dialect of London becoming the standard version of English because the printing press was stationed there
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what did William Caxton's printing press dictate?
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1564-1616; Stratford upon Avon River; thousands
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William Shakespeare lived from _ to _ in _ where he established _ of words and phrases to the English language
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Robert Cawdrey
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published first English dictionary called Table Alphabeticall
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vocabulary; industrial revolution, world wars and technology
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what is difference between late and early modern English? what influenced this change?
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normative
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what is another name for prescriptive grammar?
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Samuel Johnson; the word in famous literary context
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published A Dictionary of the English Language in 1755 with not only a word definition but also _
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Robert Lowth
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wrote "Short Introduction to English Grammar" which were grammar rules according to his personal preference, however this book became very influential
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deductive approach
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approach to grammar where one expert set rules and we all follow it
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inductive approach
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approach to grammar where we can observe the works of good writers and figure out how grammar works through the patterns we see
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Noah Webster
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published An American Dictionary of the English Language which basically says that this American version of English is different from the England version of english
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Lindley Murray
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in early 1800's he was best selling author; wrote 11 textbooks; published "English Grammar Adapted to the Different Classes of Learners"
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George Perkins Marsh
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spoke more than a half a dozen languages; Icelandic and Scandinavian studies were his specialty; he believed there was a connection between grammar, morality and hygiene
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William Dwight Whitney
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professor at yale with a specialty in Sanskrit; he wrote textbook for german, French, English, Sanskrit; he thought there was sociology connection with grammar meaning it depended on who spoke clear and well to determine if that grammar was accepted by all
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VO; OV
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English is considered a _ language and Latin is considered a _ language
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descriptive grammar
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the structure of a language as it is actually used by writers and speakers
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historical-comparative grammar; IE tree
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writers an scholars would look at the history behind a language and compare it with that of other languages; this eventually lead to the _
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Sir William Jones
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British judge of Great Britain who went to India to work; he was a child prodigy knowing over 2 dozen languages as an adult and half a dozen as a child; he studied Sanskrit while in India and started to notice there were similarities between Latin, Sanskrit, and Greek
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Jacob Grimm
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wrote German grammar book; he would compare Germanic Languages to other types of languages to try and find similarities
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Grimm's Law
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set of principles relating to the use of consonants
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Charles Darwin
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wrote Origin of Species in 1859 which influenced linguistics with his approach to grammar as being one that can adapt, change and apply when needed
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Structuralism
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theory that language could be learned without studying history and comparing; language is to be learned by environment
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Ferdinand de Saussure
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Swiss professor who came to believe that language is its own contained system and you did not have to have the history to understand it; had two students who published works that he influenced very heavily
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Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye
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two students of Ferdinand de Saussure who published Course in General Linguistics which was from Saussure's lecture; made a distinction between abstract ideas of language and language as it is used in daily life
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signifier
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sound pattern of a word
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signified
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refers to the concept of the word or meaning of the word
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Ferdinand de Saussure
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he influenced the term signifier and signified, and the terms diachronic and synchronic
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diachronic
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refers to historical linguistics
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synchronic
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studying language as an independent system
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Leonard Bloomfield
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focused less on commonalities of a language and more on the differences
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J.B. watson
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psychologist who worked with Behaviorism Theory which influenced Bloomfield to study how people actually use, or the behavior of a language
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Bloomfield and Watson
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_ and _ were two scholars who created the theory of structuralism and thought language developed as a habit through repetition and reinforcement
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Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf; Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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_ and _ came together to create the _ where a persons language is shaped by their culture and the way that person saw reality
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George Philip Krapp
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wrote a book called "Modern English, Its Growth and Present Use" which made a distinction between appropriate and inappropriate use of a language and made a distinction between good and standard English
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people are capable of using Standard English but they use good English instead because it is less formal
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what was George Philip Krapp's point in his book?
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Modern Language Association
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MLA was created in 1883; what is MLA?
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National Counsel Teacher's of English
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NCTE in 1911 was formed; what is NCTE?
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sponsored and funded a number of linguistic studies in early 20th century
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What do the MLA and NCTE do?
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Charles C Fries
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wrote American English Grammar where he examined over 3000 letters Americans had written to various govt agencies therefore he took into account letter writers educational level and occupational level to create grammar book
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Sterling Leonard
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wrote Current English Usage book where he came up with list of some debatable usage items and sent them to grammar scholars and had them rate formally correct English, colloquial language or uneducated language
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generative grammar
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attempts to give a set of rules that will predict which word combinations will form grammatical sentences
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Zellig Harris
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professor at University of Pennsylvania who had grad student named Noam Chomsky
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Noam Chomsky
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went against what strucuturalist theorized and thought there was kernel or basic sentences and all other sentences were transformations of the kernel sentences
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Transformational-generative
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Noam Chomsky started the theory of _ grammar
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B.F. SKinner
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wrote a book called Verbal Behavior basically backing up what the structuralists had to say
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children would master words that are used mot often like conjunctions and prepositions, children make linguistic mistakes when adults talk correct normally, and we are able to read and understand things we have never seen
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Chomsky argued that if structuralism was right then three things would happen and since those things weren't happening must be a gap in the structuralism theory; what are three things?
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Noam Chomsky
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believed that language was cognitive and that there was something subconscious that helped us understand language
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linguistic competence
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unconscious knowledge that a speaker has
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linguistic performance
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actual production of sentences
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Government and Binding Theory
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Chomskys work from 1980-present are under _ where he believes that rules could be applied generally and adapted universally not just to English or otherwise known as Universal Grammar
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I- language
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internal language that is mental knowledge a native speaker has
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E-language
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external language which is ideas about what a language is and the shared habits of a community of speaker
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