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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do beta cells in the pancreas produce?
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Beta cells produce Insulin
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What do alpha cells in the pancreas produce?
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Alpha cells produce Glucagon
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Glucagon
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Stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver, Raises Blood Glucose levels.
HYPERGLYCEMIC HORMONE |
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Insulin
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Stimulates glycogen formation in liver, glucose reuptake in blood, LOWERS Blood Glucose levels.
HYPOGLYCEMIC HORMONE |
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Pancreas
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The Pancreas has Endocrine and Exocrine properties
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What are the posterior pituitary hormones?
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Oxytocin and ADH
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What are the target tissues for Oxytocin?
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Uterus and Breast
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Purpose of Oxytocin
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stimulates smooth muscle contraction, muscle response depends on number of oxytocin receptors which increase during late stages of pregnancy.
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Which feedback mechanism controls Oxytocin?
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Positive feedback
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ADH - Anti-Diuretic Hormone
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Inhibits urine production
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Where is ADH stored and subsequently released?
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ADH is released from the hypothalamus
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Why is ADH released from the hypothalamus?
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The hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors and releases it in response to increases in solute concentration.
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Purpose of ADH?
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Causes kidney tubules to reabsorb more water into the body and therefore increase blood volume and possibly vasoconstriction.
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Which hormone is considered antagonistic to Calcitonin?
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PTH - Parathyroid Hormone because it increases the amount of calcium in the blood.
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Where is PTH formed?
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Formed in chief cells found in the parathyroid.
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What does Calcitonin do?
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Calcitonin lowers Blood Calcium levels by inhibiting calcium release from bones, stimulates calcium uptake.
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How is glycogen regulated?
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Humorally responds to decreased circulating glucose
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Pineal gland location?
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Floor of third ventricle within diencephalon
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Pineal gland produces?
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melatonin
Pineal gland receives indirect inputs from visual system SCN has melatonin receptors |
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Thymus gland produces?
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Hormonal products Thymopoietins and Thymosins that are important for T cell maturation
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The release of gonadal hormones is regulated by?
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Gonadotropins
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Testes produce?
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Testosterone
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Ovaries produce?
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estrogens and progesterone
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What is Testosterone is responsible for?
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Sexual maturation and Sex drive
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What are the estrogens and progesterone responsible for?
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Sexual maturation and menstrual cycle
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Which glands produce the same sex hormones as those produced by adrenal cortex?
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Gonads
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How is insulin regulated?
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Humoral response to increased circulating glucose
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What are two metabolically active iodine-containing hormones?
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T4 and T3
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Where is t4 produced?
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By the the thyroid gland.
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Where is T3 formed?
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T3 is formed at the target tissue.
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How are T3 and T4 regulated?
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Falling levels trigger TSH release
Rising levels of T4 inhibits TSH release Increased energy demands cause TRH release from hypothalamus |
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How does T3 work?
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Increases metabolism by stimulating glucose oxidation
Increases adrenergic receptors in blood vessels Regulates tissue growth and development |
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What do the follicle cells in the thyroid produce?
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Thyroglobin
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What is colloid?
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Iodinated thyroglobin
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Which hormones are associated with the thyroid gland?
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T3, T4, and calcitonin
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Which organs are both endocrine as well as exocrine?
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Gonads
Pancreas Hypothalamus |
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What are hormones
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hemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluids, that regulate metabolic function of other cells in the body
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Most hormones are classified as?
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Amino acid-based
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Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are classified as?
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Steroid based
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Hormonal effects
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Alter plasma membrane permeability
Alter protein or regulatory molecule synthesis Activate or inactivate enzyme Induction of secretory activity Stimulate mitosis |
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Example of hormonal response
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hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors
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Example of humoral response
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PTH release in response to changes in calcium levels
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Example of neural response
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sympathetic activated release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla
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Hypothalamus is the....
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Connection between brain and endocrine system
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