Advanced Developmental Final

Front 1

a complex set of behaviors produced in response to an external or
internal (memories) event.

Back 1

emotions

Front 2

components of emotions: 1)physiological 2)expressive 3)experiential

Back 2

Physiological: heart rate, brain waves, sweat
Expressive: facial expression, vocal expressions, tone of voice
Experiential: subjective feelings and cognitive judgment

Front 3

measuring components of emotions: 1)physiological 2)expressive 3)experiential

Back 3

Physiological: electrodes or MRI, etc.
Expressive: elaborate coding schemes
Experiential: self reports such as Questionnaire, computer game, computer
task. *Cannot do with infants or toddlers*

Front 4

functions of emotions (2 main)

Back 4

Social: communicate with others by having shared experiences and influencing our interactions with others
Adaptive: help us organize and regulate our behavior

Front 5

primary emotions- appear when? what are they?

Back 5

appear @ birth: interest, distress, disgust

Front 6

secondary emotions- appear when? first to appear? what are the rest? what do they all have in common? what is a test for them?

Back 6

-appear later, middle of 2nd year
-1st: embarassment
-shame, guilt, envy, pride
-all require understanding of rules & self-awareness
-rouge/mirror test

Front 7

how does experiencing secondary emotions change with age?

Back 7

-toddlers only experience w/ someone else in the room... older kids can experience them alone

Front 8

socialization of emotions and proper use are culturally driven: US vs. China

Back 8

US: socialize positive emotions
China: keep emotions quiet, & babies calm

Front 9

regulation of emotions has a strong ____ component
how do infants regulate & caregivers regulate infants? @ 1 yr? by preschool?

Back 9

biological
-infants self soothe by sucking
-caregivers sooth by cuddling, etc.
-1yr: rock, chew on things
-preschool: cognitive & linguistic skills

Front 10

display rules: can understand by what age? can suppress & replace by what age? males vs. females?

Back 10

-understand by 2 1/2-3
-suppress & replace by 3 or 4
-more socialization of display rules w/ females (broken sunglasses study)

Front 11

infants can tell difference among facial expression of emotion by ____. social referencing by _____ (i.e. what expt.?). can talk about how they feel by ______ and can talk about others' emotions by ____.

Back 11

-3 mo. facial expressions
-social referencing by 10-12 mo.
-can talk about by 2 yrs.
-can talk about others' by 4 yrs.

Front 12

early theories of emotion: darwin & watson

Back 12

darwin: emotions are biological/innate and are for survival
watson: 3 innate emotions of fear, love rage... very simple when born and thru learning get more complex (little Albert)

Front 13

2 contemporary theories of emotion: biological & cognitive/social (name ppl & explain)

Back 13

biological: emotions innate
-Ekman & Izard: facial coding
cognitive/social: not just biology or env't, our cognitive development helps us recognize, regulate, & interpret emotions
-Lewis: mirror rouge test

Front 14

sex differences and cultural differences in emotional development

Back 14

-parents talk to girls more from day 1
-heart rate responses of chinese infants, american infants, & chinese american infants--> may be biological component

Front 15

emotional mood; style of behavior an infant displays (2 parts?)

Back 15

temperament: intensity and adaptation

Front 16

temperament is the infant correlate of adult ________ (which is mix of... ). tempereament is....

Back 16

personality
biologically-driven, genetic, and depends on pre-natal environment
-adult personality is some biology, some env't/ socialization

Front 17

Thomas, Chess, & Birch's veiw on temperament

Back 17

it is very biological but can be modified by env't
-40% of babies are easy, 10% is difficult, & 15% is slow to warm up

Front 18

kagan's view on temperament- what % of pop'n is inhibited?

Back 18

inhibited children: 15% of pop'n

Front 19

Rothbart's view on temperament- what 2 things are factors? what do mom & dad do? (& when can babies help themselves?)

Back 19

reactivity & regulation on a continuum
-mom & dad help baby regulate til baby learns to self soothe (@ about 10 mo.)

Front 20

a strong emotional tie between infant and caregiver
-from who to who?

Back 20

attachment
-from infant--> mother

Front 21

bonding differs from attachment because...
it occurs when? from what?

Back 21

bonding: mother--> infant
-occurs immediately after birth from skin to skin contact

Front 22

Klaus & Kennel research on bonding- results, implications, & problems w/ study

Back 22

skin to skin contact essential for proper development---> implications for premies, c-sections, adoptees
-but not replicated & overinterpreted so retracted

Front 23

attachment takes how long to form? and is the result of..

Back 23

12 mo.
-result of mother's response to baby's repeated signals in 1st yr. of life

Front 24

Lorenz's ethological theory of attachment

Back 24

-infants have specific look that draws us to them, the "Kewpie doll look": huge forehead, big eyes, sm. nose & mouth

Front 25

Bowlby's theory of attachment

Back 25

infants do things to make us drawn to them
-interactive synchronicity: infants draw us near w/ looks/behaviors, we respond, they respond, etc.

Front 26

problems with attachment- 3 categories

Back 26

1)some babies hard to love (premies, difficult temperament, born w/ abnormalities)
2)some caregivers may have hard time becoming attached (depressed moms, abused moms)
3) ecological constraints (many kids, unhappy marriage, unwanted baby)

Front 27

psychoanalytic theory of attachment

Back 27

infant develops emotional tie to mom b/c she feeds him

Front 28

learning theory of attachment

Back 28

infant develops emotional tie b/c he is reinforced & rewarded

Front 29

cognitive-developmental theory of attachment

Back 29

infant develops emotional tie b/c he knows mom

Front 30

ethological theory of attachment (simple explanation)

Back 30

infant develops emotional tie b/c he was born to love mom; infants born to signal caregivers & caregivers have corresponding biological predisposition to respond

Front 31

Bowlby & the WWII orphanages

Back 31

he saw babies new to orphanage cried and cried, then over time became catatonic & depressed
-physical needs met but babies still miserable

Front 32

Bowlby's 4 stages of attachment formation

Back 32

-phase 1: indiscriminate sociability (birth-2 mo.)- infant shows no preference among caregivers
-phase 2: attachments in the making (2-7 mo.)- infant shows increasing preference for most familiar/responsive ppl
-phase 3: specific attachments (7-24 mo.) infant displays separation anxiety & stranger anxiety
-phase 4: goal-oriented partnerships (24 mo.)- infant can increasingly tolerate short parental absences

Front 33

how does Bowlby explain what drives attachment & determines attachment?

Back 33

the quality and level of responding of adults drives attachment

Front 34

Ainsworth & Bowlby's strange situation

Back 34

mom leaves baby w/ stranger, comes back, leaves baby again & returns--> 2 separations & reunions build up stress

Front 35

type B babies- name, %, description

Back 35

Secure (65% pop'n): high stranger & separation anxiety, proximity seeking when mom returns, contact maintaining, crying but comforted when mom returns

Front 36

type C babies- name, %, description

Back 36

Insecure Resistant/Ambivalent (10% pop'n)- high stranger & separation anxiety, strong proximity seeking & contact maintaining, they want mom but are not comforted by her return and push her away

Front 37

type A babies- name, %, description

Back 37

Insecure Avoidant (20% pop'n): no stranger & separation anxiety, little proximity seeking & contact maintaining, no crying, not upset when mom leaves & don't mind stranger

Front 38

type D babies- name, %, description

Back 38

Insecure Disorganized (less than 5%): no clear pattern

Front 39

why are A, B, C, D babies this way... what did mom do?

Back 39

-B: moms responded instantly & appropriately, were warm & positive, enjoyed baby & talked a lot
-C: moms inconsistent, 1/2 time did good job, 1/2 time didn't respond at all
-A babies: moms unresponsive & impatient, cold & negative
-D babies: moms neglectful, abusive, or depressed

Front 40

the strange situation works in the age range of...

Back 40

12-16 mo.

Front 41

a mother responding sensitively in the 1st yr. lets baby develop what? (& examples w/ each type)

Back 41

an internal working model
-secure: mom calms me down! phew i'm fine
-resistant: i have no idea what mom's gonna do
-avoidant: mom ignores me so i'm on my own

Front 42

down syndrome & autistic kids-->attachment

Back 42

less likely to be securely attached b/c of disorders NOT because of maternal care

Front 43

most prevalent type of attachment in infants in 1) Germany 2)China

Back 43

1)Germany: insecure avoidant
2)China: insecure resistant

Front 44

attachment is _____ but can be changed by

Back 44

stable
major traumatic events

Front 45

is infant temperament important in attachment? ex?

Back 45

yes: inhibited kids more likely to be insecure avoidant

Front 46

attachment & adopted infants: what age is the cutoff for risk w/ attachment disorders

Back 46

before 6 mo just as likely to be secure, after 6 mo are @ risk

Front 47

Views on daycare & attachment: Ainsworth, Bowlby, Belsky, and current (NICHD study)

Back 47

-Ainsworth: need to be w/ mom for 1st yr
-Bowlby: need to be w/ mom for 2 yrs.
-Belsky: working moms have insecure avoidant kids but depends on part/fulltime daycare, age (younger->@ more risk), and gender (boy more likely to be avoidant)
-current: family factors exert far more influence than daycare

Front 48

___% of homes are divorced or non-married, __% of marriages end in divorce (especially for...) from 1960-85 divorces...

Back 48

28% single parent homes
40-50% of marriages end in divorce
60-85: divorces doubled

Front 49

changes in family since 1970

Back 49

fewer kids, marry older, working moms

Front 50

children of parenting types: consequences for them
1)authoritative
2)authoritarian
3)permissive
4) negelctful

Back 50

1)authoritative- good self-esteem, goal-driven, independent
2)authoritarian- fearful, moody, males violent, females codependent
3)permissive- probs w/ impulse control, anger, low self-esteem, trouble setting goals
4)hard time forming later r'ships, angry, low self-esteem, more lasting effects w/ men though

Front 51

Baumrind's styles of parenting: 2 important traits are:

Back 51

parental repsonsiveness/nurturance (warmth) and demandingness

Front 52

what is the longest long-term relationship a person has usually? what does the closeness of the relationship resemble?

Back 52

siblings: closeness--> hourglass effect over lifetime

Front 53

traits of only child and traits of first borns

Back 53

-only child- desirable traits, high achiever & high IQ
-first-born- adult-oriented, helpful, self-controlled, likes the status quo, do better academically & professionally, but struggle w/ guilt, anxiety, stress

Front 54

smaller the family size....

Back 54

the higher the IQ & education level ($$)

Front 55

arrival of a sibling: what happens to 1st child? what does it depend on though?

Back 55

-1st child becomes clingy, demanding, & may regress
-but depends on parental preparation & explanation (understanding parents -> + r'ships, uninvolved parents-> sibling rivalry)

Front 56

family systems theory

Back 56

@ center: parents & kids inter-influencing eachother, then family env't (siblings & spouses), then larger social context (media, education, etc.)

Front 57

setting limits: @ what age to children increase in ability to comply verbally? what are 3 types of limit setting?

Back 57

-age 2-3 comply verbally
1)reasoning
2)power assertion- spanking, taking away things, etc.
3)love withdrawal- serious repercussions for emotional development

Front 58

Spanking: % of parents of 3 yr olds that have EVER spanked? + vs - of spanking?

Back 58

94%
+: instantaneous, corrects & prevents behavior
-: teaches violence as a way to solve probs, misdirects fear, abusive, teaches what NOT to do rather than what to do, no change in long term, leads to aggression, may be a way for parents to get their own anger out

Front 59

2002 Gershoff study on spanking vs. Baumrind's 2002 rebuttle

Back 59

Gershoff: immediate compliance but little internatlization of rules, leads to delinquency, aggression, antisocial behavior, lowers quality of parent-child r'ship
-Baumrind: gerhshoff blended spanking w/ abuse --> she defined spanking as non-injuring, intent to modify behav., admin. w/ open hand on bottom or extremities... she concluded we don't know really what it does but mild use is prob. ok

Front 60

different benefits of mother and father as seen by child? what does father warmth do especially?

Back 60

-moms: care taking, calm & easy games..... dads: very physical, lots of action
-father warmth: makes kids more socially competent, higher achievement & self confidence, fewer gender stereotypes

Front 61

___% of mothers w/ kids are employed

Back 61

68%

Front 62

traits of 1) kids w' working moms and 2)kids in daycare
-what determines if a child benefits or not?

Back 62

1) higher achievement, more independent, fewer sex role stereotypes
2) more responsive to kids, verbalize more, more willing to sit & play
--mother's attitude about employment determines if a child benefits (happy mom= happy child)

Front 63

Heatherington's 30 yr. study on effects of divorce on kids- % of couples that end up happier, % of kids that thrive

Back 63

-70% of divorced couples end up happier, 75-80% of kids thrive

Front 64

what separates kids that do well after divorce from the others? what is the best predictor of child adjustment after divorce?

Back 64

authoritative parenting: supportive & nurturing & responsive but firm
-best predictor of child adjustment: degree of parental conflict

Front 65

% of divorced parents that remarry w/in 5 yrs? especially who and why?

Back 65

-75%
-esp. women & for financial reasons

Front 66

who has the hardest time adjusting to single parents?

Back 66

female adolescents

Front 67

1st yr of having step parent: what happens to kids? exacerbated when?

Back 67

-kids are more aggressive, noncompliant, and have more school problems
-exacerbated when step parent has kids elsewhere, when both parents have kids & merge, or if they decide to have a new baby

Front 68

infant play: @ 3 mo., 6 mo., & 9 mo.

Back 68

3 mo: smile @ other infants
6 mo: squeal w/ delight
9 mo: crawl and explore other infant w/ hands

Front 69

mildred parten's pattern of toddler & preschooler play: 4 stages

Back 69

1st: solitary play
2nd: parallel play (identical but not interacting)
3rd: associative play (sitting together, sharing/interacting)
4th: cooperative play (very social, organized, rule based)

Front 70

preschoolers have lots of ____ play; @ school age kids suddenly prefer.....
(but boys vs girls?)

Back 70

-pretend play
-suddenly prefer same-sex... but girls can go back & forth and still be accepted and boys have harder time

Front 71

formation of peer groups is based on

Back 71

gender, age, neighborhood, SES & ethnicity, religion, shared interests

Front 72

what makes some kids leaders: in preschool and school age?

Back 72

-preschool: most aggressive
-school age: best interpersonal skills

Front 73

peer pressure- can be.... peaks around...

Back 73

can be positive or negative
peaks around 8th grade

Front 74

girl vs boy groups in middle school

Back 74

-girl groups: small, reciprocal, need to be even numbers (3rd wheel-> ganging up), communication based, intense
-boy groups: large, not very reciprocal, action/activity based

Front 75

sociometrics-definition & 2 types of measurement

Back 75

-sociometrics: study of popularity on well-defined classroom-based group, toward end of schoolyear
1) sociometric nominations: researcher asks 3 ppl kid plays w/ & 3 ppl kid does NOT want to play with (does not rate all kids though)
2)sociometric rating scale: list of all kids in class w/ scale of how much kid likes to play w/ them

Front 76

Dodge's research w/ sociometric rating scale: 5 categories of kids and what nominations they got

Back 76

1)popular: many + few -
2) controversial: many + many -
3)rejected: few + many -
4) neglected kids: few + few -
5)average kids: somewhere in the middle

Front 77

What determines popularity vs unpopularity? 4 main categories

Back 77

1) physical attractiveness: especially face (proportion and symmetry) & body type
2) first name- popular but not too common, modern but not trendy
3) motor skills- i.e. sports
4) social skills

Front 78

school-age kids: 4 categories and what their behavior is like

Back 78

1)popular: cooperative, prosocial
2)rejected: either aggressive or withdrawn
3) neglected: no aggression, isolated, low visibility
4)controversial: have stand-out quality or talent, but prone to anger and rule-breaking

Front 79

preschool-age kids: 3 categories & what their behavior is like (controversial not included in this one)

Back 79

1)popular: pay attention & interest to other kids
2)rejected: disrupt activity, talk about themselves constantly
3)neglected: passively watch w/out interacting

Front 80

early origins of social competence (3)

Back 80

-attachment (secure--> internal working model sets stage for future r'ships)
-parental influences (authoritative-> good social skills)
-day care (-> more social competence)

Front 81

3 ways to train social skills in kids

Back 81

1)modeling (kids copy parent behav.)
2)reinforcement (for good behav.)
3)coaching

Front 82

Coie & Cillesssen article on Peer Rejection: 2 types of rejected kids, long term consequences for each, and which has better outcome and why? why is it true "once rejected, always rejected"?

Back 82

1)Aggressive rejected: delinquency, school drop out, internalization-> depression
2) Nonaggressive rejected: depression, no friends
-better outcome for nonaggressive b/c they see more immediate effects (aggressive have friends so not readily apparent)
-creates a self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 83

NICHD study on daycare: results?

Back 83

family factors of: maternal sensitivity, income, & gender (girls more likely to be insecure) determine attachment more than daycare factors
-but kids already distressed @ greater risk

Front 84

__% of women live w/OUT husbands, and __% of black women live WITH husbands

Back 84

51%
30%

Front 85

studies show that adopted children may lack hormone _____ which works on brain centers linked to... this chemical is thought to...
another chemical lacking is ___ which retulates...

Back 85

oxytocin
reward and emotion
bond parent to child
vasopressin: stress response

Front 86

Kagan's study on temperament and reactions to unfamiliarity concluded that high reactive infants who become inhibited children are at risk for what and why?
what about low reactive infants that become uninhibited children?

Back 86

1)inhibited: risk of anxiety disorders (low threshold for fear, may have overactive amygdala)
2)uninhibited: risk for conduct disorders (high threshold for guilt & anxiety for violating rules and standards)