Advanced Composition Mid-Term

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Argument

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A process of reasoning and advancing proof about issues on which conflicting views may be held; also, a statement or statements providing support for a claim.

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Ethos

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The qualities of character, intelligence, and goodwill in a writer or speaker that contribute to an audience's acceptance of the claim.

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Logos

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An argument based on reason, one that is logical and makes sense.

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Pathos

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Appeal to the emotions.

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Rogerian Argument

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A rhetorical theory based on the counseling techniques of Carl Rogers (1902-1987) that emphasizes a search for common ground that would allow two opposing parties to start negotiations.

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Toulmin Model

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A conceptual system of argument devised by the philosopher Stephen Toulmin; the terms claim, support, warrant, backing, qualifier, and reservation are adapted from this system.

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Syllogism

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A formula of deductive argument consisting of three propositions: a major premise, a minor premise, and a logical conclusion.

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Summary

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A condensation of a passage into a shorter version in a writer's own words.

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Evaluation

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A reader's reaction to an argument.

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Multimodal Argument

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Words in combination with another medium or an argument in a mode other than the printed word: photographs, illustrations, audio, video, or digital media, for example.

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Paraphrase

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A restatement of the context of an original source in your own words.

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Quote

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To repeat exactly words from a printed, electronic, or spoken source.

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Plagiarism

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The use of someone else's words or ideas without adequate acknowledgement.

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Claim of Fact

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A claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on facts or data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable.

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Claim of Value

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A claim that asserts some things are more or less desirable than others.

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Claim of Policy

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A claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems.

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Evidence

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Facts or opinions that support an issue or claim; may consist of statistics, reports of personal experience, or views of experts.

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Appeal to Needs and Values

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An attempt to gain assent to a claim by showing that it will bring about what your audience wants and cares deeply about.

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Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs

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Phisiological

Safety

Love and belonging

Self-esteem

Self-Actualization

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Warrant

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A general principle or assumption that establishes a connection between the support and the claim.

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Backing

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The assurances on which a warrant or assumption is based.

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Reservation

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A restriction placed on the warrant to indicate that unless certain conditions are met, the warrant may not establish a connection between the support and the claim.

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Qualifier

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A restriction placed on the claim to indicate that it may not always be true as stated.

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Induction

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Reasoning by which a general statement is reached on the basis of particular examples.

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Deduction

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Reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statements on which it is based are true.

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Logical Fallacy

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A pattern if reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system.

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Hasty Generalization

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Drawing conclusions from insufficient eveidence.

Example: That driver who cut me off was an old lady. Old people shouldn't be allowed to drive.

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Faulty use of authority

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Failing to acknowledge disagreement among experts or otherwise misrepresenting the trustworthiness of sources.

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Post Hoc

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Mistakenly inferring that because one event follows another they have a casual relation; ("after this , therefore because of this").

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False Anology

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Assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some ways, then they are similar in other ways as well.

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Ad Hominem

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"Against the man"; attacking the arguer rather than the argument or issue.

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False Dilemma

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Simplifying a complex problem into an either/or dichotomy.

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Slippery Slope

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Predicting without justification that one step in a process will lead unavoidably to a second, generally undesirable step.

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Begging the Question

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Making a statement that assumes that the issue being argued has already been decided.

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Non Sequitur

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"It does not follow"; using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim.

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Appeal to Tradition

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A proposal that something should continue because it has traditionally existed or been done that way before.