Advaced Reading

Front 1

graze

Back 1

 if an animal grazes, or if you graze it, it eats grass that is growing
graze on
Groups of cattle were grazing on the rich grass.

Front 2

canine

Back 2

relating to dogs
canine diseases

Front 3

gazelle

Back 3

غزال

Front 4

antelope

Back 4

بز کوهی

Front 5

falcon

Back 5

merlin

Front 6

ostrich

Back 6

شترمرغ

Front 7

coyote

Back 7

گرگ امریکای شمالی

Front 8

swift

Back 8

swallow

Front 9

salmon

Back 9

ماهی قزل

Front 10

eel

Back 10

مارماهی

Front 11

beetle

Back 11

سوسک

Front 12

prey

Back 12

an animal, bird etc that is hunted and eaten by another animal 
OPP predator

Front 13

sprint

Back 13

 to run very fast for a short distance → jog
sprint along/across/up etc
Bill sprinted up the steps.

Front 14

fleet-footed

Back 14

گریزپا

Front 15

element

Back 15

a group of people who form part of a larger group, especially when the rest of the group does not approve of them →

Front 16

sprain

Back 16

to damage a joint in your body by suddenly twisting it SYN twist
I fell down the steps and sprained myankle.

Front 17

grace

Back 17

way of moving 
a smooth way of moving that looks natural, relaxed, and attractive
Lena moved with the grace of a dancer

Front 18

attribute

Back 18

1) to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by somethingThe fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.2. a quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or usefulWhat attributes should a good manager possess?

Front 19

feat

Back 19

an impressive achievement, because it needs a lot of skill, strength etc to do

They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat.

Front 20

asylum

Back 20

 protection given to someone by a government because they have escaped from fighting or political trouble in their own country
apply for/seek/be granted asylum
He has been granted asylum in France.

Front 21

stereotype

Back 21

a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like. Stereotypes are often unfair or untrueracial/sexual/cultural etc stereotype
racist stereotypes in the media
stereotype of
women who don’t fit the stereotype of the good mother
stereotype about
stereotypes about the elderly— 
adjective
the stereotypical Californian – tall, fit, and tanned

Front 22

incidentally

Back 22

used to add more information to what you have just said, or to introduce a new subject that you have just thought of 
SYN by the way ,either way
Incidentally, where were you born?

The wine, incidentally, goes very well with a mature cheese.

Front 23

incident

Back 23

event

Front 24

cruise

Back 24

to sail along slowly, especially for pleasure
We were cruising in the Caribbean all winter.
an evening spent cruising the River Seine

2) [I usually + adv/prep] to move at a steady speed in a car, aircraft etc
We were cruising along at 50 miles per hour.
We fly at a cruising speed of 500 mph.

3) [I,T] to drive a car slowly through a place with no particular purpose
They cruised up and down the coast road.

4) [I] (informal) to do something well or successfully, without too much effortcruise to
The horse cruised to a three-length win

Front 25

arctic

Back 25

 relating to the most northern part of the world→ Antarctic
the Arctic island of Novaya Zemlya

2) extremely cold
arctic conditions

Front 26

even odds

Back 26

fifty fifty condition

Front 27

superb

Back 27

extremely good 
SYN excellent
The food was superb.
superb weather

Front 28

leap

Back 28

leap lept leaped

 jump
move fast 
ncrease 
leap at the chance/opportunity
leap to somebody’s defence 
heart 

1) jump
a) [I always + adv/prep] to jump high into the air or to jump in order to land in a different place
She leapt over the fence.
Brenda leaped the gate and ran across the field.

2) move fast [I always + adv/prep] to move very quickly and with a lot of energy
I leapt up the stairs three at a time.

3) increase [I] to increase quickly and by a large amount 
OPP tumbleleap to
Profits leapt to £376m.
He leapt 27 places to second spot.

4) leap at the chance/opportunity to accept an opportunity very eagerly
I leapt at the chance of studying abroad.

5) leap to somebody’s defence (BrE) leap to somebody’s defense (AmE) to quickly defend someone
When her younger brother was being bullied she leapt to his defence.

6) heart [I] (literary) if your heart leaps, you feel a sudden surprise, happiness, or excitement
My heart leaped when I saw Paul at the airport.→look before you leap at LOOK1 (12)

leap out at somebody phrasal verb
if a word or phrase in a piece of writing leaps out at you, you notice it particularly, because it is interesting, important etc SYN jump out at

Front 29

hurdle

Back 29

n:obstacle
v:jump

Front 30

associate

Back 30

to make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another
associate somebody/something with something
I don’t associate him with energetic sports.

2) be associated (with somebody/something)

a) to be related to a particular subject, activity etc
problems associated with cancer treatment

b) also associate yourself with somebody/something to show that you support someone or something
He did not associate himself with the pro-democracy movement.

Front 31

sceptical

Back 31

tending to disagree with what other people tell you
SYN doubtful
sceptical about/of
I’m extremely sceptical about what I read in the press.

Front 32

lurch

Back 32

to walk or move suddenly in an uncontrolled or unsteady way
lurch forward/to/towards/into etc
Sam hit the gas and the car lurched forward.
He lurched to his feet.

Front 33

stride

Back 33

) step [C] a long step you make while you are walking → pace
Paco reached the door in only three strides.

2) improvement [C] an improvement in a situation or in the development of something
make great/major/giant etc strides

Front 34

trail

Back 34

dom

Front 35

substantial

Back 35

 large in amount or number 
SYN considerable
OPP insubstantial
We have the support of a substantial number of parents.

Front 36

facilitate

Back 36

to make it easier for a process or activity to happen
Computers can be used to facilitate language learning.

Front 37

sedentary

Back 37

1) (formal) spending a lot of time sitting down, and not moving or exercising very much
sedentary life/job/lifestyle etc
health problems caused by our sedentary lifestyles

2) (technical) a sedentary group of people tend always to live in the same place
a sedentary people living north of the Danube

Front 38

sole

Back 38

the sole person, thing etc is the only one
 SYN only
the sole American in the room

Front 39

sneak

Back 39

1) go secretly [I always + adv/prep] to go somewhere secretly and quietly in order to avoid being seen or heard 
SYN creep
sneak in/out/away etc
They sneaked off without paying!
She snuck out of the house once her parents were asleep.

2) take/give secretly [T] to hide something and take it somewhere or give it to someone secretly
I snuck her a note.
sneak something through/past etc somebody/something
Douglas had sneaked his camera into the show.

Front 40

sneak a look/glance/peek

Back 40

to look at something quickly and secretly, especially something that you are not supposed to see
He sneaked a look at here

Front 41

sneak up

Back 41

phrasal verb
to come near someone very quietly, so that they do not see you until you reach them: 
[sneak up on/behind etc]
 I wish you wouldn’t sneak up on me like that!

Front 42

spear

Back 42

1) to push or throw a spear into something, especially in order to
stab

Front 43

club (v)

Back 43

 to hit someone hard with a heavy object
baby seals being clubbed to death

Front 44

byproduct

Back 44

) an unplanned additional result of something that you doby-product of
Job losses are an unfortunate byproduct of the recession.

Front 45

preliminary

Back 45

happening before something that is more important, often in order to prepare for it
the preliminary stages of the competition
a preliminary draft

Front 46

immune

Back 46

immune system

Front 47

susceptible

Back 47

 a susceptible person is easily influenced or attracted by someone or something
 impressionable
A lot of TV advertising is aimed at susceptible young children.

Front 48

stimulant

Back 48

 a drug or substance that makes you feel more active and full of energy
artificial stimulants

Front 49

cognitive

Back 49

related to the process of knowing, understanding, and learning something
cognitive psychology

Front 50

pronounce

Back 50

very great or noticeable
a pronounced Polish accent
This disability is more pronounced in men.

Front 51

over the long haul

Back 51

large period of time

Front 52

wreak

Back 52

wreak havoc/mayhem/destruction (on something)to cause a lot of damage or problems
These policies have wreaked havoc on the British economy.

Front 53

toll

Back 53

a very bad effect that something has on something or someone over a long period of timetoll on
Years of smoking have taken their toll on his health.

Front 54

acclaim

Back 54

to praise someone or something publicly
His work was acclaimed by art critics

Front 55

outdo

Back 55

 to be better or more successful than someone else at doing something
When it comes to speed of response, a small firm can outdo a big company.outdo somebody in something
skaters trying to outdo each other in grace and speed

2) not to be outdone
 in order not to let someone else do better or seem better than you
Not to be outdone, other computer manufacturers are also donating machines to schools.

Front 56

torso

Back 56

your body, not including your head, arms, or legs
the torso of a woman

Front 57

roam

Back 57

 to walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear purpose or direction → wander
roam over/around/about etc
The dogs are allowed to roam around.
Chickens and geese roam freely in the back yard.
You shouldn’t let your children roam the streets.

Front 58

corner

Back 58

to force a person or animal into a position from which they cannot easily escape
Once the dog was cornered, he began to growl.

Front 59

lead footed

Back 59

پیشگام

Front 60

clumsy

Back 60

 moving or doing things in a careless way, especially so that you drop things, knock into things etc
A clumsy waiter spilled wine all over her new skirt.

Front 61

nimble

Back 61

able to move quickly and easily with light neat movements 
SYN agile
nimble fingers
a nimble climber

2) a nimble mind/brain/wit an ability to think quickly or understand things

Front 62

recreation

Back 62

→ hobby → pastime → leisure
His only recreations are drinking beer and watching football.the provision of recreation facilities (=places or equipment for people to use to enjoy themselves)recreation ground/area/room
a recreation area for children to play in

Front 63

cumulative

Back 63

increasing gradually as more of something is added or happens
Learning is a cumulative process.cumulative effect (of something)
Depression is often caused by the cumulative effects of stress and overwork.

Front 64

undergo

Back 64

if you undergo a change, an unpleasant experience etc, it happens to you or is done to you
The country has undergone massivechanges recently.

Front 65

ordeal

Back 65

a terrible or painful experience that continues for a period of time
ordeal of
She then had to go through the ordeal of giving evidence.
She was forced to face the ordeal ofwithdrawal symptoms.

Front 66

herd

Back 66

 a group of animals of one kind that live and feed together → flockherd of
a herd of cattle
herds of elephants

Front 67

reputation

Back 67

the opinion that people have about someone or something because of what has happened in the past
reputation for
Judge Kelso has a reputation for being strict but fair.
reputation as
In her last job she gained a reputation as a hard worker.

Front 68

flop

Back 68

fail

Front 69

novelty

Back 69

new and different

Front 70

gimmick

Back 70

a trick or something unusual that you do to make people notice someone or something – used to show disapproval → stunt
advertising gimmicks

Front 71

dazzle

Back 71

amaze

Front 72

genuine

Back 72

1) a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel 
SYN sincere
genuine interest/concern/desire etc
The reforms are motivated by a genuine concern for the disabled.

2) something genuine really is what it seems to be
SYN real
We need laws that will protect genuine refugees.

Front 73

odor

Back 73

a smell, especially an unpleasant one

Front 74

scent

Back 74

 a pleasant smell that something has
 SYN fragrance
a yellow rose with a lovely scent

Front 75

jolt

Back 75

jerk

Front 76

patron

Back 76

someone who supports the activities of an organization, for example by giving money

a wealthy patron

patron of

Front 77

mutter

Back 77

1) to speak in a low voice, especially because you are annoyed about something, or you do not want people to hear you
mutter to yourself

I never want to come here again,’ he muttered to himself.

Elsie muttered something I couldn’t catch and walked off.

What are you two muttering about?

Front 78

desperate

Back 78

1) willing to do anything to change a very bad situation, and not caring about danger
I had no money left and was desperate.
Time was running out and we weregetting desperate.

2) needing or wanting something very muchdesperate for
The team is desperate for a win.

3) a desperate situation is very bad or serious
a desperate shortage of doctors

Front 79

helmet

Back 79

a strong hard hat that soldiers, MOTORCYCLE riders, the police etc wear to 

Front 80

unison

Back 80

in unison if people speak or do something in unison, they say the same words at the same time or do the same thing at the same time
Good morning!’ the kids replied in unison.

Front 81

ensue

Back 81

fallow

Front 82

overlook

Back 82

miss

Front 83

wizard

Back 83

a man who is supposed to have magic powers →witch

2) someone who is very good at something
a financial wizardwizard at
Ben’s a real wizard at chess.

Front 84

inspiration

Back 84

a good idea about what you should do, write, say etc, especially one which you get suddenly
The Malvern Hills have provided inspiration for many artists and musicians over the decades.

2) a person, experience, place etc that gives you new ideas for something you do
The seascapes of Cape Cod were her inspiration.

Front 85

sculpture

Back 85

an object made out of stone, wood, clay etc by an artists
a sculpture of an elephant

Front 86

blockbuster

Back 86

(informal) a book or film that is very good or successful
the latest Hollywood blockbuster

Front 87

shortage

Back 87

lack

Front 88

serpent

Back 88

snake....long one

Front 89

beast

Back 89

animal

Front 90

fleece

Back 90

1. the woolly coat of a sheep, especially the wool and skin of a sheep when it has been made into a piece of clothing

2) [U] an artificial soft material used to make warm jackets

Front 91

sequel

Back 91

1) [C] a book, film, play etc that continues the story of an earlier one, usually written or made by the same person → prequel
Star Wars’ and its sequels
sequel to
She’s writing a sequel to her first novel.

2) [C usually singular] an event that happens as a result of something that happened before

Front 92

fur

Back 92

khaz

Front 93

porch

Back 93

 an entrance covered by a roof outside the front door of a house or church

Front 94

draft into

Back 94

ask or order someone to work in a place where they do not normally work
Extra staff were drafted in to deal with the Christmas rush

Front 95

gigantic

Back 95

huge

Front 96

castaway

Back 96

someone who is left on a lonely shore or island after their ship has sunk

Front 97

outsmart

Back 97

to gain an advantage over someone using tricks or your intelligence
 SYN outwit
The older kids outsmart the young ones when trading cards.

Front 98

marginalize

Back 98

to make a person or a group of people unimportant and powerless in an unfair way
Female employees complained of being marginalized by management.

Front 99

oversight

Back 99

mistake

Front 100

supersede

Back 100

if a new idea, product, or method supersedes another one, it becomes used instead because it is more modern or effective 
SYN replace

Their map has since been superseded by photographic atlases.

Front 101

sophisticated

Back 101

1) having a lot of experience of life, and good judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion etc
a sophisticated, witty American

2) a sophisticated machine, system, method etc is very well designed and very advanced, and often works in a complicated way
sophisticated software

Front 102

seamless

Back 102

 done or made so smoothly that you cannot tell where one thing stops and another begins
the seamless integration of data, text, images, and sound

Front 103

subordinate

Back 103

 in a less important position than someone else
a subordinate officer
subordinate to

2) less important than something else SYNsecondarysubordinate to

Front 104

showcase

Back 104

 an event or situation that is designed to show the good qualities of a person, organization, product etc
showcase for

The new musical is a good showcase for her talents.

Front 105

defy

Back 105

1) to refuse to obey a law or rule, or refuse to do what someone in authority tells you to do →defiance
people who openly defy the law

2) defy description/analysis/belief etc to be almost impossible to describe or understand
The beauty of the scene defies description.

3) defy logic/the odds etc to not happen according to the principles you would expect
a 16-week premature baby who defied the odds and survived

4) I defy somebody to do something (spoken)(formal) used when you ask someone to do something that you think is impossible
I defy anyone to prove otherwise.

Front 106

devote

Back 106

1) to use all or most of your time, effort etc in order to do something or help someone
 SYN dedicate
devote your time/energy/attention etc to something
He devoted his energies to writing films.

Front 107

provoke

Back 107

 to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one → provocation
provoke a protest/an outcry/criticism etc
The proposal provoked widespread criticism.

Front 108

prime (v)

Back 108

prepare somebody to prepare someone for a situation so that they know what to do
prime somebody with something
Did you prime her with what to say?

Front 109

pick up on

Back 109

 to notice something about the way someone is behaving or feeling, even though they are trying not to show it
Children pick up on our worries and anxieties.

Front 110

coherent

Back 110

 if a piece of writing, set of ideas etc is coherent, it is easy to understand because it is clear and reasonable

The three years of the course are planned as a coherent whole.

Front 111

thrill

Back 111

a sudden strong feeling of excitement and pleasure, or the thing that makes you feel this
Winning first place must have been quite a thrill.
the thrill of (doing) something (=the excitement you get from something)

the thrill of travelling at high speeds

Front 112

anthem

Back 112

1) a formal or religious song → NATIONAL ANTHEM

Front 113

heal

Back 113

cure

Front 114

stroke

Back 114

if someone has a stroke, an ARTERY(=tube carrying blood) in their brain suddenly bursts or becomes blocked, so that they may die or be unable to use some muscles
She died following a massive stroke.

Front 115

rudimentary

Back 115

a rudimentary knowledge or understanding of a subject is very simple and basic 
OPP sophisticated

Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary knowledge of music.

Front 116

ponder

Back 116

 to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened 
SYN consider

He continued to ponder the problem as he walked home.

Front 117

surge

Back 117

to suddenly move very quickly in a particular directionsurge forward/through etc
The taxi surged forward.

Front 118

drift

Back 118

move slowly 
to move slowly on water or in the airdrift out/towards etc
The rubber raft drifted out to sea.

Front 119

obscurity

Back 119

the state of not being known or remembered
fade/slide/sink etc into obscurity
She rose from obscurity to stardom.

Front 120

agitate

Back 120

 to argue strongly in public for something you want, especially a political or social changeagitate for/against
unions agitating for higher pay

Front 121

anchor

Back 121

langar

Front 122

twangy

Back 122

tanin

Front 123

intrinsic

Back 123

being part of the nature or character of someone or something 
OPP extrinsic
the intrinsic interest of the subject

Front 124

mellow

Back 124

not bright a mellow colour or light looks soft, warm, and not too bright
the mellow golden light of early evening

2) not loud or harsh a mellow sound is pleasant and smooth
a warm, mellow voice

Front 125

enrich

Back 125

to improve the quality of something, especially by adding things to it
Add fertilizer to enrich the soil.