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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what happens with the Na/K pump?
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3Na pumped out and 2 K pumped in
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what happens to the charge?
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more positive charge out side of cells
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E1 state the binding sites for Na and K face the
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intracellular fluid and has a high affinity for Na
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The E2 state the binding sites for Na and K face the
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extracellular fluid and has a high affinity for K
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If transport occurs down an electrochemical gradient it is
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passive and does not consume energy
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If transprt occurs against an electrochemical gradient it is
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active
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primary active transport uses
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ATP
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Secondary active transport uses
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energy from the Na gradient
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depolarization
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the process of making the membrane potential less negative
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hyperpolarization
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the process of making the membrane potential more negative
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inward current
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the flow of positive charge into the cell...inward currents depolarize the membrane potential.
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outward current is
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the flow of positive charge out of the cell...outward currents hyperpolarize the membrane potential
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threshold potential is
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the membrane potential at which occurrence of the action potential is inevitable.
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overshoot
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the portion of the action potential wihere the membrane potential is positive
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undershoot
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the portion of the action potential, following repolarization, where the membrane potential is actually more negative than it is at rest
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refractory period
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period during which another ormal action potential cannot be elicited in an excitable cell.
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when an axon is myelinated, there is:
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increased membrance resistance, dec membrane capacitance which result in increased conduction velocity
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Reynolds number
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used to predict whether or not blood flow will be laminar or turbulent.
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If Reynlds number is <2000
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it will be laminar
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If Reynolds number is > 2000
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likely to be turbulent > 3000 will definitely be turbulent
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factors to inc reynolds number
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dec in viscosity, narrowing of blood vessl
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capacitance
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compliance of blood vessels which describes the volume of the bloood the vessel can hold at a given pressure
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What are most compliant and contain unstressed volume
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veins
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the effects of the autonomic nervous system on conduction velocity are called
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dromotropic effects
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stimulation of sympathetic nervous sys
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inc conduction velocity (positive dromotropic effect)
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what is the effect of myelination on conduction velocity and why
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insulates, salutator conduction, nodes of raniver & makes signal faster
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what ion is essetnail in the depolarization of skeletal muscle
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Ca
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what is the slowest conduction velocity of cardiac cycle
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av node
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Fastest conduction of cardiac cycle
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purkinje fibers
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what is renal response to hemorrhae?
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inc renal perfusion pressure
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tips of cochlear hair cells are embedded in the
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apical membrane
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hair cells are receptor cells for
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hearing and equilibrium
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changes in what ion are responsible for the depolarization/hyperpolarization of the auditory hair cells in auditory transduction
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K
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in CHF Sv is
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dec
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When discusisng cardicac action potentials one understands that
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the size of the inward current during the upstroke of the action potential that determines the conduction velocity
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what is the normal physiological response to hemorrhage?
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dec in arterial pressure
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what are the cardiovascular response to hemorrhae
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inc hr, inc contractility inc TPR and constriction of veins
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decompensated heart failure, pitting edema in bilat lower extremities=
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starlings physiological forces, inc capillary hydrostatic pressure
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Lisinopril stops the conversion of
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angiotension I to angiotension II
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carrier mediated transport
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saturation, competition, stereospecifity
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smooth and skeletal muscles are characterized by a
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actin and myosin
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what is a descriptive term that id's the type of neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglonic fibers
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adrenergic
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Which of the following is not supplied by the ANS
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skeletal muscle...the ones that are supplied by ANS are cardicac, smooth and glands
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all communication must pass through
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thalamus
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angiotension II is the
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most potent of aldosterone & potent vasodilator
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photoreceptors are located
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in the retina: rods and cones
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rods have low thresholds
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are sensitive to low intenisty lige and function well in the darkness
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cones have a higher threshold
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operate best in daylight, higher visual acuity and color vision
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Law of laplace
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pressure tending to collapse an alveolus is directly proportional to the surface tension and inversely o alveolar radius
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small alveoli
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collapse more easily
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mucosal layer faces
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the lumen
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serosal layer faces the
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blood
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circular and longitudinal muscles work
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synergistically to perform motility for the GI tract
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The GI tract has its own enteric nervous systen
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(instrinsic) which works with the SNS / PNS (extrinsic)
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The vagus and pelvic nerves innervate the
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parasympathetic innervation of the tract
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the vagus nerve innvervates th
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upper GI tract
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The pelic nerve innervatest he
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lower GI stract
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INtrinsic or enteric nervous system can
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direct all function of the GI tract
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The enteric nervous systme is located in
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ganglia in the myenteric and sub mucosal plexus and controls the contractile, secretory and endocrine function of the GI tract
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SNS and PNS also receive sensory info from
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mechanoreceptors and chemo receptors
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hormones are
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peptides released from endocrine cells of the GI tract
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Hormones are secreted into the
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portal circulatin, pass through the liver and enter the systemic circulatio
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for gi peptides are classified as hormones
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gastrin, cholecystokinin *CCK) secretin and glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide or GIP
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paracrines are like hormones because
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they are secreted by endocrine cells of GI tract, but paracrines act locally within the same tissues that secrete them
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What is the site of secretion for gastrin?
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G cells of the stomach
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What is the site of secretion fro CCK
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I cells of the duodenum and jejunum
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What is the site of secretion for secretin
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S cells of the duodenum
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What is the site of secretion for GIP
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duodenm and jeunum
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What are the actions of Gastrin?
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Inc gastric H secretion. Stimulates growth of gastric mucosa
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Actions of CCK
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inc pancreatic enzyme secretion. Inc pancreatic HCO3 secretion. Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi. Inhibits gastric emptying
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Actions of Secretin
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Inc pancreatc HCO3 secretion. Inc biliary HCO3 secretion. Dec Gastric H secretion. Inhibits trophic effect of gastrin on gastric mucosa.
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GIP actions
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Inc insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta cells. Dec gastric H secretion
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The smooth muscle of the GI tract is
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unitary smooth muschle in which the cells are electrically coupled via low resistance pathways callled gap junction
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Phasic contractions are
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periodic contractions followed by relation
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Frequency of slow waves
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3 to 12 slow waves per min
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where do slow waves originate?
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interstitial cells of Cajal, abundant in the myenteric plexus
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What are the three functions of chewing
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1. mixes food with saliva, lubricating it to faciltate swallowing
2. reduces the size of food particles which facilitates swallowing 3. mixes ingested carbohydrates with salivary amylase to begin carbohydrate digestion |
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What is the oral phatse of swallowing
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initiated when the tongue forces a bolus of food back toward the pharync
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what are the 3 phases of swallowing
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oral, pharyngeal & esphageal
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receptive relaxation
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dec pressure in the stomach so contents can move into it and increases the volume as much as 1.5 L
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two factors that slow gastric emptying
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Fat and H
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Segmentation contractions serve to
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mix the chyme and expose it to pancreatic enzymes and secretions
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peristalitic contractions are desgined to
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propel the chyme
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What is the rectosphinceric reflex
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internal anal sphincter relaction
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Salivary secretion is exclusively under
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neural control by the autonomic nervous sytem
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salivary secretion is inc by both
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PNS and SNS, although PNC is dominant
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What are the four major components of gastric juice?
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HCL, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor and mucus
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What initiate the process of protein digest?
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HCl and pepsinogen
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Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of
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vitamin B12
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the parietal cells have two secretory products
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HCl and intrinsic factor
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chief cells have one secretory product
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pepsinogen
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The G cells secret
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gastrin, not into the pyloric ducts but into the circulation
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Somatostatin inhibits
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gastric H secretion through both a direct pathway ad indirect pathway
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sex type is based on three diff characteristics
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genetic sec gonadal sec and phenotypic or genital sec
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