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29 Cards in this Set
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Thiamin (Vit B1)
Main Coenzymes? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Coenzyme: Thiamin Diphosphate (TDP) & Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Function:Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha keto acids and 2-keto sugars Deficiency: Beriberi, muscle weakness, anorexia, tachycardia, edema RDA: 1.1, 1.2mg |
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Riboflavin (Vit B2)
Main Coenzymes? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Coenzymes: FAD, FMN
Functions:electron (H+)transer reaction Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis,cheilosis, glossitis, hyperemia RDA: 1.1mg, 1.3mg |
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Niacin (Vit B3)
Main Coenzymes? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Coenzymes:NAD, NADP
Functions: electron transfer reactions Deficiency: Pellagra, diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia RDA:14, 16mg |
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Pantothenic Acid
Main Coenzymes? Functions? Deficiency? AI? |
Coenzymes: Co A
Functions: Acyl transfer reactions Deficiency:rare, numb hands, vomiting, fatigue RDA:5mg |
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Biotin
Main Coenzymes? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Coenzymes: N-carboxybiotinyl lysine
Functions: CO2 transfer/cayboxylation reactions Deficiency:rare, anorexia, nausea, glossitis, depression AI:30 micro-gram |
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Vit B6
Main Coenzymes? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Coenzymes: Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
Functions: transaminaion and decarboxylation reactions Deficiency: dermatitis, glossitis, convulsions RDA:1.3mg |
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Folic Acid
Main Coenzymes? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Coenzymes:Derivatives of tetrahydrofolic acid; 5,10-methylidyne THF, 10 formyl THF
Functions: One carbon transfer reactions Deficiency:Megaloblastic anemia RDA:400 micro-g |
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Vit B12
Main Coenzymes? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Coenzymes:Methyl cobalamin, andenosyl cobalamin (cobalamides)
Functions:methylation of homocysteine to methionine; conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA Deficiency:Megaloblastic anemia, skin hypersensitivity RDA: 2.4 micro-gram |
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Ascorbic Acid
Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Functions:antioxidant, cofactor of hydroxylating enzymes involved in synthesis of collagen, carnitine, norepinephrine
Deficiency:Scurvy, RDA:75mg, 90mg |
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Vit A
Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Functions: synthesis of rhodopsin, metabolites involved in growth and differentiation, bone and immune
Deficiency:night blindness, xerosis, xeroderma RDA:700, 900 micro-g |
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Vit D
Functions? Deficiency? AI? |
ergocalciferol, cholecalcirerol
Functions:bone mineral metabolism, blood Ca homeostasis Deficiency:Rickets, osteomalacia AI: 5-15 micro-g |
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Vit E
Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Functions: antioxidant
Deficiency: infants-anemia; neuropathy, myopathy RDA: 15mg alpha-tocopherol |
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Vit K
Functions? Deficiency? AI? |
Functions:blood clotting by carboxylating glutamic acid residues
Deficiency: hemorrhagic disease of newborns; defective blood clotting AI: 90, 120 micro-g |
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Calcium
Function? Enzyme Cofactor? Deficiency? AI? |
Function: bone, muscle contraction, blood clotting
Enzyme cofactor:adenylate, cyclase, kinases, Deficiency:Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, tetany AI: 1000mg, over 50: |
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Chloride:
Functions? Deficiency? |
Functions:anion, pH balance, enzyme activation, HCl
Deficiency: Infants loss of appetite, failure to thrive, weakness, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis |
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Magnesium
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Enzyme cofactors: hydrolysis and transfer of phosphate groups by phosphokinase, *ATP dependant enzyme reactions
Functions: component of bones, nerve impulse transmission, protein synthesis Deficiency:neuromuscular hyperexcitability, muscle weakness, tetany RDA:310mg, 400mg |
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Phosphorus
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Enzyme cofactors: activates many enzymes in phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation
Functions: bone, cell membranes, phosphlipids, DNA/RNA, ATP Deficiency:neuromuscular, skeletal, hematologic, rickets, osteomalacia RDA:700mg |
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Potassium
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? |
Enzyme cofactors: Pyruvate kinase, Na/K-ATPase
Functions:water, electrolyte, and pH balance; cell membrane transfer Deficiency:muscle weakness, mental apathy, cardiac arrhythmias, paralysis, bone fragility |
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Sodium
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? |
Enzyme cofactors:Na/K-ATPase
Functions:water, electrolyte, pH regulation; nerve transmission, muscle contration Deficiency:anorexia, nausea, muscle atrophy, poor growth, weight loss |
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Sulfur
Functions? |
Functions: AA, lipoic acid, thiamin, biotin
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Chromium
Functions? Deficiency? AI? |
Enzyme cofactors:
Functions: glucose and insulin Deficiency:glucose intolerance, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism AI:25, 35 micro-g |
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Copper
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Enzyme cofactors:oxidases, monooxygenase, superoxide dismutase
Functions: utilization of Fe, lipids, collagen, pigment, neurotransmitter synthesis Deficiency:anemia, neutropenia, bone abnormalities RDA:900 micro-g |
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Fluorine
Functions? Deficiency? AI? |
Enzyme cofactors:
Functions: maintenance of teeth and bone Deficiency:dental caries AI: 3mg, 4mg |
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Iodine
Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Functions: Thyroid hromone synthesis
Deficiency: Goiter, cretinism, increased blood lipids and gluconeogenesis RDA: 150 micro-g |
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Iron
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Enzyme cofactors: heme enzymes, catalase, cytochromes, myeloperoxidase, carnitine & collagen synthesis
Functions:hemoglobin & myoglobin for O2 transport & use Deficiency:listlessness, fatigue, anemia, palpitations, sore tongue, decreased resistance to infection RDA: 18mg, 8mg |
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Manganese
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Enzyme cofactors:arginase, pyruvate carboxylase, PEP, carboxykinase, superoxide dismutase
Functions: brain function, collagen bone, growth, urea synthesis, glucose & lipid metabolism, CNS Deficiency:impaired growth & CNS, skeletal abnormalities AI: 1.8mg, 2.3mg |
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Molybdenum
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Enzyme cofactors:Xanthin dehydrogenase/ osidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase
Functions:metabolism of purines, pyrimidines, pteridines, aldehydes, and oxidation Deficiency: hypermethioninemia, increased urinary xanthine, sulfite excretion, decreased sulfate & urate excretion RDA: 45 micro-g |
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Selenium
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Enzyme cofactors: Glutathione peroxidase, 5'-deiodinase
Functions:protects against hydrogen peroxide and free radicals Deficiency:myalgia, cardiac myopathy, increased cell fragility, pancreatic degeneration RDA:55 micro-g |
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Zinc
Enzyme cofactors? Functions? Deficiency? RDA? |
Enzyme cofactors: DNA/RNA polymerase, carbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, deoxythymidine kinase
Functions:energy metabolism, pertein synthesis, collagen formation, alcohol detox, dioxide elimination, sex maturation, smell/taste Deficiency:poor wound healing, subnormal growth & smell/taste, anorexia, retarded reproductive development RDA:8mg, 11mg |
