Adv. Chemistry Vocab Final

Front 1

Chemistry

Back 1

The study of matter and the changes that it undergoes

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Independent Variable

Back 2

In an experiment, the variable that the experimenter plans to change

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Dependent Variable

Back 3

In an experiment, the variable whose value depends on the independent variable

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Qualitative Data

Back 4

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

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Quantative Data

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Numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc.

Front 6

Accuracy

Back 6

Refers to how close a measured value is to an accepted value

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Precision

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Refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another; precise measurements show little variation over a series of trials but may not be accurate

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Significant Figures

Back 8

The number of all known digits reported in measurements plus one estimated digit

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Percent Error

Back 9

The ratio of an error to an accepted value

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Scientific Notation

Back 10

Expresses numbers as a multiple of two factors - a number between 1 and 10, and 10 raised to a power, or exponent; makes it easier to handle extremely large or small measurements

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Chemical Change

Back 11

A process involving one or more substances changing into new substances; also called a chemical reaction

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Physical Change

Back 12

A type of change that alters the physical properties of a substance but does not change its composition

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Physical Property

Back 13

A characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition - for example, density, color, taste, hardness, and melting point

Front 14

Distillation

Back 14

A technique that can be used to physically separate most homogeneous mixtures based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances involved

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Homogeneous Mixture

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One that has a uniform composition throughout and always has a single phase; also called a solution

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Atomic Mass Unit

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One-twelfth the mass of a carbon - 12 atoms

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Isotope

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Atoms orf the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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Ion

Back 18

An atom or bonded group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

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Nuclear Reaction

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A reaction that involves a change in the nucleus of an atom

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Atomic Number

Back 20

The number of protons in an atom

Front 21

Electron Configuration

Back 21

The arrangement of electrons in an atom, which is prescribed by three rules - the aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule

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Photon

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A particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy

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Frequency

Back 23

The number of waves that pass a given point per second

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Wave Length

Back 24

The shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave; is usually expressed in meters, centimeters, or nanometers

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Amplitude

Back 25

The height of a wave from the origin to a crest, or from the origin to a trough

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Electronegativity

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Indicates the relative ability of an element's atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond

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Group

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A vertical column of elements in the periodic table; also called a family

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Periodic Law

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States that when teh elements are arranged by increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties

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Metalloid

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An element, such as silicon or germanium, that has physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals

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Nonmetal

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Elements that are generally gases or dull, brittle solids that are poor conductors of heat or eletricity

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Alkaline Earth Metals

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Group 2A elements in the modern periodic table: Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium

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Alkali Metals

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Group 1A elements, except for Hydrogen, that are on the left side of the modern periodic table: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium

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Halogens

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A highly reactive group 7A elements: Flourine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iondine, Astatine

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Noble Gases

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An extremely unreactive group 8A elements: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon

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Inner Transition Metals

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A type of group B elements that are contained in the f-block of the periodic table and are characterized by a filling outermost s orbital, and filled or partially filled 4f and 5f orbital

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Alloy

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A mixture of elements that have metallic properties

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Chemical Bond

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The force that holds two atoms together; may form by the attraction of a postivie ion for a negative ion or by the attraction of a positive nucleus for negative electrons

Front 38

Ionic Bond

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The electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged particles together in an ionic compound

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Anion

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An ion that has a negative charge; forms when valence electrons are added to the outer energy level, giving the ion a stable electron configuration

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Cation

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An ion that has a positive charge; forms when calence electrons are removed, giving the ion a stable electroni configuration