Adv. Biology Final Exam

Front 1

Independent variable

Back 1

Variable thats being deliberately changed

Front 2

Dependent Variable

Back 2

Responding Variable

Front 3

Control group

Back 3

exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for one independent variable.

Front 4

Biome

Back 4

A distinct ecological community of plants and animals living together in a particular climate.

Front 5

Characteristics of each Biome:

Back 5

Abiotic= Temperature, water type, soil, humidity

Biotic= Predatation, other Organisms, competition

Front 6

How does biodiversity tie in to the climate of each biome?

Back 6

High temperature
High climate
High biodiversity

Front 7

What are producers and consumers?

Back 7

Producers= are like plants and insects
Consumers= are other animals that eat producers

Front 8

Types of Consumers

Back 8

Herbivore
Carnivore
Omnivore

Front 9

Food web?
Food Chain?

Back 9

Food web= feeding connections within an ecological community
Food Chain= Linear connections from consumers to producers

Front 10

Ecological pyramid

Back 10

Starts on bottom with primary producers (100% energy), Primary consumers (10%), Secondary consumers (1%) and at the top tertiary consumers (.1%)

Front 11

What is a niche?

Back 11

A range of biological and physical conditions in which a species lives and obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce. This goes with competitive exclusion and how it limits competition in certain areas or niches.

Front 12

Water cycle

Back 12

Condensation/Precipitation= rain
Evaporation= water goes back up into clouds
Run off= water running down mountains and streams go back into bodies of water
groundwater= goes back into bodies of water

Front 13

Carbon Cycle

Back 13

Sunlight= photosynthesis
Plant respiration= oxygen
Human respiration = carbon dioxide
fossil fuels=carbon

Front 14

Predator Vs. Prey

Back 14

predators can affect prey population and location
Symbiosis

Front 15

The 3 types of Symbiotic relationships:

Back 15

Mutalism=both benefit
Paratism= one live inside or on other organism and harms it
Commensalism= one benefits and other is not harmed

Front 16

What factor affects population growth?

Back 16

Birth and death rate
immigration
emigration

Front 17

Exponential growth?
Logistic growth?

Back 17

Ex= When the size of each generation is larger than the previous
Log= (Phase 3) Carrying capacity

Front 18

Density dependent?
Density independent?

Back 18

de= competition, predator
inde= Natural disasters

Front 19

What is matter?

Back 19

4 main states: liquid, soild, gas, plasma

Front 20

What is an atom?

Back 20

A basic unit of matter

Front 21

Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonding?

Back 21

Covalent= Polar and non-polar electrons being shared
Ionic= attraction between oppositely charged ions
Hydrogen= electromagnetic attraction between highly electronegative atom (polar molecule) bonds with hydrogen

Front 22

Octet Rule?

Back 22

Every atom wants to have 8 valence electrons in its outermost shell.

Front 23

What are the four properties of water?

Back 23

~ Cohesion= Between molecules of the same substance ( 4 hydrogen bonds)
~Adhesion= between molecules of different substances
~ Heat capacity= multiple hydrogen bonds between water molecules, it takes a large amount of heat energy to rise the temp. of the water
~Hydrogen bond= not very strong, can form multiple hydrogen bonds.

Front 24

How many bonds can Carbon make?

Back 24

4

Front 25

What is a hydrocarbon?

Back 25

A compound of Carbon and Hydrogen

Front 26

prefixes

Back 26

meth=1
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

Front 27

3 types of hydrocarbons?

Back 27

Alkene=one or more double bonds
Alkane=all single bonds
Alkyne= one or more triple bonds

Front 28

What are 4 functional groups of macromolecules?

Back 28

Hydroxyl= w/ covalent bond
Carboxyl= acid
Carbonyl= C=O
Amino= carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen,

Front 29

What is denaturation?

Back 29

The deforming of the protein structure

Front 30

what type of lipid has one or more double bonds?

Back 30

unsaturated fats

Front 31

What are the monomers of carbohydrates and proteins?

Back 31

monosaccharides and Amino Acids

Front 32

How are polymers built and broken down?

Back 32

Built in dehydration condensation reaction
broken down in hydrolysis

Front 33

What is the dehydration reaction and hydrolysis?

Back 33

Removal of water
adding of water

Front 34

4 structures of Proteins?

Back 34

Primary= amino acids forming a polypeptide chain
Secondary= Folding of the polypeptide chain into an alpha helix or pleated sheet
tertiary= the 3D shape /globular or fibrous

Front 35

What is an enzyme? What does it do?

Back 35

A biological catalyst. They speed up the reaction, they are reusable, and lower the activation energy.

Front 36

The two types of enzyme inhabitation?

Back 36

Competitive= mimic the substrate and block active site
non-competitve= do not directly compete with substrate for active site

Front 37

Hand shake model

Back 37

The active site will mold to fit the substrates then goes back to original shape

Front 38

Lock and Key model

Back 38

Substrates are specific to the active site

Front 39

Cell theory:

Back 39

1. Every living organism is made up of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest function unit of life
3. All cells arise from pre-exisisting cells

Front 40

Characteristics of Prokaryotes:

Back 40

small
simple
cell wall
ribosomes
enclose DNA in nuclei

Front 41

Characteristics of Eukaryote:

Back 41

Large
complex
internal membranes
multi cellular
plant/animal cells
seperates DNA

Front 42

List all organelles

Back 42

Golgi
Nucleus
Ribosome
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
vesicles
ER
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria

Front 43

What type of passive transport?

Back 43

facilitated diffusion
diffusion

Front 44

What is diffusion and Facilitated diffusion?

Back 44

Facilitated= Cannot directly diffuse across the membrane and pass through special protein channels.
Diffusion= the driving force behind the movement of many substances across the cell membrane.

Front 45

A membrane thats selctively permable?

Back 45

Doesn't allow everything in or out. Fluid mosaic model.

Front 46

Difference between passive and active transport?

Back 46

pass= high to low
active= Low to high

Front 47

cell enviroments:

Back 47

Hypotonic= explosion
Isotonic= equal
Hypertonic= Shrivel

Front 48

Turgor pressure

Back 48

Caused by hypotonic solutions and pushes membrane against cell wall making plant stand up straight.

Front 49

What is differentiation and how do stem cells work in this?

Back 49

When cells take on specialized structure and function. Stem cells don't have any structure yet so they must go through differentiation.

Front 50

4 types of cell communication and how do they work?

Back 50

Direct contact= The cells make direct physical contact through signal molecules found in the plasma membrane of the signalling cells and receptor proteins present in the plasma membrane of the target cell.
Endocrine= Endocrine cells release hormones into the blood stream where they are able to travel and bind to target cells located downstream.
Synaptic=Neurons receive and send signals across long distances through thin, fragile extentions called axons, ultimately to effector tissues such as muscles, or sensory organs.
Paracrine=Paracrine cells release signalling molecules into the immediate surrounding area, targeting nearby cells.