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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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branches of biology
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-cell structure & reproduction
-reproduction -metabolism -homeostasis -heredity -evolution -interdependence -matter, energy & organization |
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all living things...(8)
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-reproduce
-are made of cells -use energy through metabolism -maintain homeostasis -pass characteristics through genes -depend on other organisms -need energy to survive -are highly organized |
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interdependence
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living things interact with eachother and their environment
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cell
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smallest unit of life; small organized structure with membrance coverings
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compound light microscope
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light passes through lenses to enlarge an image (most powerful enlarges 2000x)
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electron microscope
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electrons are used to enlarge an image (most powerful anlarges 200,000x)
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scientific method steps
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-observation
-forming a question -gathering data -forming a hypothesis -performing experiments to test hypothesis -recording and analyzing data -stating a conclusion -repeating work as necessary |
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independent variable
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doesnt rely on another factor for change
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dependent variable
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changes because another factor is altered
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T/F: the scientific theory can be overturned
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true
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theory vs law
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theory- broad explanation of an outcome of an experiment made up of multiple hypotheses
(Pythagoreums Theory) (law of gravity) |
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the factor that is manipulated in an experiment
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independent variable
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mutation
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change
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control group
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recieves no experimental treatment
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solution
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mixture in which 1 or more substances is evenly distributed in another substance (SALT WATER: salt is dissolved)
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elements
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simplest pure substance made of only one element
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molecules
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group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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compounds
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composed of 2 or more elements
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ionic bond
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electrons are lost or gained
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hydrogen bond
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weakest chemical attraction between polar molecules
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covalent bond
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electrons are shared
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polar vs nonpolar molecules
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polar- unequal distribution of electrons (WATER--> H2O)
nonploar- equal distribution of electrons |
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concentration
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concentration********
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salt
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salt *******
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positve ions vs negative ions
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positive-*******
negative- |
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adhesion/cohesion
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adhesion- attraction between different substances
cohesion- attraction between same kind of substances |
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acids vs bases
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acids- forms HYDROGEN ions when dissolved in water
bases- forms HYDROXIDE ions when dissolved in water |
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4 classes of organic compounds
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carbs, lipds, proteins, nucleic acids
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1. CARBOHYDRATES
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MONOMER: monosaccharides
-key source of energy |
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jobs of polysaccharides
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-energy storehouses
-CELLULOSE: provides structured support for plants |
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2. LIPIDS (FATS)
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-saturated (atoms straight)
-unsaturated (atoms kinked) -include phospholipids in lipid bilayer |
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3. PROTEINS
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MONOMER: amino acids
ex) enzymes (promote chemical reactions) ex) collagens (most abundent-found in skin) |
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4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
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-MONOMER: nucleotides
-DNA (double helix of nucleotides) & RNA (single strand) |
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nucleotide parts
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acid, base, phosphate group
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properties of water (3)
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1. stores heat efficiently
2. attracts to itself through adhesion (attracts same substances of water) 3. polarity (enables substances to dissolve in water |
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substances that dont dissolve well in water
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lipids (water would rather attract to itself)
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increase speed of chemical reactions
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enzymes
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microscope that uses a vacuum and cannot magnify living things
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electron microscope
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lense that collects light
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objective
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shows a cells internal structure in fine detail
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transmission micrscrope
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measures voltage of electrons
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scanneling tunneling microscope
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prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
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P- have been around longer
DNA in cytoplasm lack internal compartments E- DNA in nucleus have internal compartments |
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passive transport
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movement of SUBSTANCES across cell membrane without energy
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diffusion
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movement of a substance from a high to low concentration gradient resulting in equilibrium
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osmosis
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movement of WATER across a semi-permeable membrance
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diploid cells (humans have 46)
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somatic cells
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chromosome
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-cell structures created by DNA molecules and proteins
-make up all living things |
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haploid cells
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have only one set of chromosomes human number is 23)
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autosome
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does not directly determine sex of an individual
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karyotype
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picture of a chromosomes arranged by size
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zygote
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fertilized egg
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homologous chromosomes
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sometimes same in size, shape and genetic content
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mitosis and phases
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-division of nucleus
-4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase |
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cytokinesis
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Animal cells: cell is pinched
plant cells: cell plate forms |
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prophase
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chromosomes coil and nucleur envelope dissolves
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metaphase
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chromosomes move to center of cell
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anaphase
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spindle fibers attach to chromatids
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telephase
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chromosomes uncoil and nucleus envelope forms around chromosomes
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OPEN RESPONSE:
LIPID BILAYER **HOW ARE SUBSTANCES MOVED ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE** |
-made of 2 lipid layers
(think of diagram)-->phosphate heads are polar and are attracted to water (or other polar substances inside or outside cell) **moved by transport proteins across cell membrane |
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3 stages of interphase
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through the process of interphase there are 3 phases: G1, S and G2.
G1- cell begins to grow S- synthesis phase (DNA molecules copied) G2- cells grow and mitochondria and other organelles duplicate |
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binary fission
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1) DNA copies
2) cell divides |
