Adv Bio Unit One And Two

Front 1

ionic

Back 1

A Chemical bond resulting form the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Front 2

covalent bonds

Back 2

a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons

Front 3

Covalent Bonds Polar

Back 3

A type of covlaent bond between atoms that differe in electronegitivity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

Front 4

Covalent Bond Non-polar

Back 4

A typer of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

Front 5

hydrogen

Back 5

A type of weak chemical bond fromed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule

Front 6

Why Does Ice Flot?

Back 6

Ice flots because it is less dence in solid form. which means it weighs less

Front 7

strong cohesion

Back 7

Cohesion is due to hydrogen bonding, which contributes to the transport of water against gravity in plants.

Front 8

surface tension

Back 8

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Front 9

strong adhesion

Back 9

The clinging of one substance to another. Adhesion of water to the walls of the vessels help counter the downward pull of gravity

Front 10

monomers

Back 10

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Front 11

Polymer

Back 11

a long molecule consisiting of many similar or identical monomers linked together

Front 12

carbohydrates

Back 12

function: energy storage, structure
• groups: sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Front 13

proteins

Back 13

• function: structure, transport, defense, enzymes
• structure: amino acids, peptide bonds, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°

Front 14

lipids

Back 14

• function: energy storage, structure, hormones
• groups: triglycerides (fats, saturated, unsaturated), phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones)

Front 15

nucleic acids

Back 15

• function: information storage
• structure: nucleotides, A,T,C,G,U
• groups: DNA, RNA

Front 16

Enzymes
Structure

Back 16

globular (4°) proteins, RNA

Front 17

• catabolism

Back 17

(digestion, breakdown, hydrolysis)

Front 18

anabolism

Back 18

(synthesis, dehydration synthesis)

Front 19

lock & key model, induced fit model:

Back 19

substrate, active site, enzyme-substrate complex, product(s)

Front 20

Factors that affect function

Back 20

• pH, temperature, salts, [substrate], [enzyme]
• coenzymes, cofactors
• activators: allosteric, cooperativity
• inhibitors: competitive, noncompetitive, allosteric
• negative feedback

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• plants have that animals dont

Back 21

cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole

Front 22

• animals have that plants dont

Back 22

: lysosomes, centrioles

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• prokaryotes (bacteria)

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: naked circular DNA, ribosomes, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, sometimes cell wall (peptidoglycans)

Front 24

eukaryotes

Back 24

: nucleus & membrane-bound organelles

Front 25

• phospholipid bilayer

Back 25

: hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails; fluid mosaic model

Front 26

integral & transmembrane

Back 26

: channel, transport, electron transfer

Front 27

• peripheral

Back 27

: recognition, receptor, adhesion

Front 28

Ribosomes

Back 28

consist of two sub units and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Free ribosomes function in the cytosol, while bound ribosomes generally make proteins that are for inclusion into the membrane, packaging, or for export from the cell.

Front 29

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 29

appears to be smooth because it lacks ribosomes on the cytoplasmic surface

Front 30

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 30

appears rough because ribosomes stud the cytoplasmic surface. After leaving the endoplasmic reticulum, many transport vesicles travel to the Golgi apparatus.

Front 31

Lysosomes

Back 31

are membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules.

Front 32

Peroxisome

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is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. They contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen.

Front 33

Mitochondria

Back 33

are the organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work. These are the sites are for cellular respiration, the catabolic process that generates ATP

Front 34

ATP

Back 34

ATP is short for adenosine triphosphate; it is a high-energy molecule used for energy storage by organisms.

Front 35

cell membrane

Back 35

the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, but is inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.

Front 36

cell wall

Back 36

- a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its support and structure. The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant.

Front 37

• cell junctions

Back 37

desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions, plasmodesmata

Front 38

Cell membrane

Back 38

selectively permeable membrane

Front 39

how does the cell membrane move stuff around?

Back 39

• diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Front 40

• hypertonic,

Back 40

With a greater solute concentration

Front 41

hypotonic

Back 41

lower solute concentration

Front 42

isotonic

Back 42

having the same solute concentration as another solution

Front 43

plasmolysis

Back 43

A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivel and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when cell loses water to hypertonic enviroment

Front 44

• vesicular transport

Back 44

exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Front 45

cellular resperation equation

Back 45

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 . 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

Front 46

Kreb’s (Citric Acid) Cycle
**all information

Back 46

pyruvate . acetyl CoA . Kreb’s cycle
• yield: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, CO2 (exhale)
• function: produce electron acceptors for the ETC
• matrix of mitochondria

Front 47

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

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• NADH & FADH2 donate electrons to ETC, cytochrome carrier proteins in membrane, pump H+ ions to intermembrane compartment, H+ flow down concentration gradient
through ATP synthase, phosphorylate ADP . ATP

Front 48

Electron transport chain yield

Back 48

• yield: ~36 ATP

Front 49

• anaerobic respiration

Back 49

: no O2, lactic acid (animals), alcoholic fermentation (bacteria, yeast, plants)