Adulthood And Aging Exam 1

Front 1

What is positive aging?

Back 1

Achieve heightened levels of personal expression and happiness in the <b>3rd and 4th</b> part of the life.

Front 2

What is successful aging?

Back 2

Physical, mental, and social well-being in older age.

Front 3

What is ageism?

Back 3

Ideas & beliefs associated with discriminatory attitudes directed toward older adults.

LOW EXPECTATIONS about their cognitive capabilities,
NEGATIVE BELIEFS about their social and personal capabilities

Front 4

What is new ageism?

Back 4

an over solicitation toward older adults (ex. Important life-changing decisions should be made without consulting them).

Front 5

What are four principles of adult development and aging?

Back 5

<b>CHANGES ARE CONTINUOUS OVER THE LIFE SPAN</b>
Individuals remain the “same” even though they change

<b>ONLY THE SURVIVORS GROW OLD</b>
Aging individuals are increasingly self-selected

<b>INDIVIDUALITY MATTERS</b>
People vary within and between age groups

<b>“NORMAL” AGING IS DIFFERENT FROM DISEASE</b>
Intrinsic aging processes are different from those associated with illness

Front 6

What is geriatry?

Back 6

a branch of medicine specializing in the<b>medical care and treatment</b> of the diseases and health problems of older adults.
It aims to promote health by preventing and treating diseases and disabilities in older adults.

Front 7

What is gerontology?

Back 7

.. is the <b>study</b> of the biological, psychological, behavioral, and social phenomena from the point of maturity to old age.

Front 8

What is chronological age?

Back 8

The age measured in units of time that have elapsed since birth.

Front 9

What is biological age?

Back 9

..has to do with where people stand relative to the number of years that they will live, or the body’s organ systems functionality and physical appearance.

Front 10

What is functional age?

Back 10

..has to do with a person’s competence in carrying out specific tasks (functional capabilities can vary within the same individual).

Front 11

What is psychological age?

Back 11

..refers to how well a person uses cognitive, personal, or social skills to adjust to new circumstances or attempt new activities or experiences (adaptability). It can also be considered in terms of cognitive performance (memory, learning ability, etc..)

Front 12

What is social age?

Back 12

..is the person’s age based on occupying certain social roles. Social age takes into account the person’s family, work, and role within the community. Each society has its own expectation about roles to play and goals to attain in young, middle, and older adulthood.

Front 13

What are the categories of adulthood and older adulthood?

Back 13

18 + ADULTHOOD
18-29 YOUNG ADULTHOOD
30-39 THIRTIES
40-64 MIDDLE AGE

65 + OLDER ALDULTHOOD
65-74 YOUNG-OLD
75-84 OLD-OLD
85+ OLDEST-OLD

100-109 CENTENARIANS
110+ SUPERCENTENARIANS

Front 14

What are theoretical models?

Back 14

Allow us to make sense of what might otherwise be an overwhelming mass of information.

Guide further study by giving a platform for questions that are important to investigate.

Front 15

What is the selective optimization with compensation model of aging?

Back 15

Focus on the strategies aging individual can use

Front 16

What are the BALTES & BLATES (1990) ASSUMPTIONS about selective optimization with compensation model of aging?

Back 16

INDIVIDUALS ENGAGE IN <b>ADAPTATION</b> THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES.
THROUGHOUT DEVELOPMENT INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCE BOTH GAIN AND LOSSES.
AS ADULTHOOD IS APPROACHED, THE LOSSES MAY OUTNUMBER THE GAINS.

Front 17

What are strategies to maximize the chances of successful aging?

Back 17

<B>SELECTION</b>: is a strategy of concentrating efforts on domains in which effective functioning is most likely to remain high. These domains can vary depending on the individual.

<B>OPTIMIZATION</b>: is a strategy of focusing on behaviors that maximize not only the quantity but also the quality of life.

<B>COMPENSATION</b>: refers to substituting new strategies when losses occur.

Front 18

What is the ecological model of aging?

Back 18

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A PERSON AND HIS OR HER ENVIRONMENT RESULTS IN SOME LEVEL OF ADAPTATION.

Front 19

What is positive outcome?

Back 19

A PERSON LEVEL OF COMPETENCE MUST BE APPROPRIATELY MATCHED WITH THE PRESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN WICH HE OR SHE MUST FUNCTION.
WITH THIS MODEL THE OLDER ADULT IS CONSIDERED CAPABLE OF INITIATING INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT.

Front 20

What is the Multidisciplinary Perspective BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVES?

Back 20

CULTURAL - History / Statistics / Positive Aging

BIO - Biological Aging and Physical change / Well-Being and Health Care / Prevention / Genetics -

PSYCHO - Intellectual and Cognitive functioning / Emotions / Memory / Personality / Coping and Adjustment / Psychopathology

SOCIAL - Work / Leisure / Living Arrangements / Relationships / Retirement / Death & Dying

Front 21

What is demography?

Back 21

is the scientific study of population that focuses on broad groups within specific population or sometimes across different populations.

Front 22

What do demographers do?

Back 22

study past and present population trends and characteristics:
SIZE, GROWTH, MIGRATION, AGE, GENDER, MARITAL STATUS, LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, HEALTH, EDUCATION LEVEL, ECONOMIC STATUS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, etc..

Front 23

Who are the first wave of baby boomers?

Back 23

The first wave of baby boomer celebrated their 60th birthday in 2006, and they will enter the 65+ age category in 2011.

Front 24

What are three common measures of population aging?

Back 24

<b>Percentage Aged 65 and Over</b>: 13.0 percent of the Canadian population.
(by rule of thumb, a population in which at least 10 percent of the population is aged 65 and over is deemed to be old)

<b>Median Age of the Population</b>: 37.6 years in 2001 (United Nation, 2001) (Usually, demographers consider a population with a median age of 30 to be “old”)

<B>Dependency Ratios</b>: these ratios attempt to measure the relative proportion of persons of “dependent” ages within a population. The dependency ratios contain a problematic assumption regarding older people: that they are all economically dependent in the same way. Using the “working ages” of 15 to 64 ratio; in Canada in 2000 this ratio was 462 persons for every 1000 persons in the non-dependent ages.

Front 25

What is apocalyptic demography or voodoo demography?

Back 25

Is an <b>oversimplification of the notion that a demographic trend</b> (in this case the population aging) <B>has catastrophic consequences for a society</b> (Gee, 2000).

The complexity of aging is reduced to a one-sided negative view that our society cannot afford increasing numbers and percentages of older people

Apocalyptic demography is <b>prominently seen in the media</b> today, especially in discussions of medicare and the health-care system.

Front 26

What are the 5 themes of apocalyptic demography?

Back 26

<b>Aging is a social problem. </b>Rather than celebrating the control over unwanted births and early death that population aging represents, it is viewed as negative, as a problem that needs fixing.

<b>The homogenization of older people</b>. All older people are seen as the same. In particular, they stereotyped as well off, e.g. as rich golfers and cruise-ship travelers, as “greedy geezers”.

<b>Age-blaming</b>. The elderly are blamed for overusing social programs and consequently for government debt/deficits.

<b>Intergenerational injustice</b>. Older people are seen as getting more than their fair share of societal resources, and this inequity id predicted to lead to severe intergenerational conflict.

<b>The intertwining of population aging and social policy</b>. For example, social policy reform is guided by the idea that deep cuts have to be made to accommodate the increasing numbers and percentages of elderly in our population.

Front 27

Most older persons have at least one chronic condition and many have multiple conditions. True or False

Back 27

True

. In 2006-2008, the most frequently occurring conditions among older persons were: hypertension (38%), diagnosed arthritis (50%), all types of heart disease (32%), any cancer (22%), diabetes (18%), and sinusitis (14%).

Front 28

What is the sandwich generation?

Back 28

middle-aged who care for both children and older parents

Front 29

What will be important for the aging in the future?

Back 29

ADVANCE PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING WILL BE IMPORTANT FOR LIVING ARRANGEMENTS. THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT WILL DETERMINATE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE OLD-OLDEST ADULT.

Front 30

What is positive aging?

Back 30

Achieve heightened levels of personal expression & happiness in the 3rd and 4th part of the life EVEN WHEN THERE ARE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LIMITATION.

Front 31

What is successful aging?

Back 31

Successful aging is multi-dimensional, encompas-sing the avoidance of disease and disability, the maintenance of high physical and cognitive function, and sustained engagement in social and productive activities.

Front 32

What is NORMATIVE AGE-GRANDED INFLUENCE?

Back 32

<b>Biological or environmental events and occurrences that are associated with chronological age.</b> These influences can also be specific to the society in which people live and affect almost all people in that society (e.g.<B> schooling from age 5 to 18, or retirement in the 60s</b>)

Front 33

What is NORMATIVE HISTORY-GRANDED INFLUENCE?

Back 33

These influences can result from <b>an event</b>, or they can represent a more <b>gradual evolution of societal structure</b>. (e.g. epidemics, wars, state of the economy).

Front 34

What is NONNORMATIVE LIFE EVENTS?

Back 34

These influences do not affect all or even most members of society and aren’t necessarily associated with chronological age/historical time (e.g. win the lottery, being diagnosed with a rare illness).

Front 35

What is metamodel?

Back 35

PARTICULAR VIEWPOINT ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE IN GENERAL AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL PHENOMENA IN PARTICULAR.

THESE METAMODELS GUIDE RESEARCHER’S BELIEFS ABOUT WHICH ASPECT OF DEVELOPMENT ARE WORTHY OF STUDY.

Front 36

What is the mechanistic metamodel?

Back 36

EMPHATIZES NURTURE (Environment)

PASSIVE ORGANISM

QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES (+ or -)

FRAGMENTATION (whole phenomena as EQUAL to the sum of its parts).

DEVELOPMENT HAS NO ENDPOINT

Front 37

What is the organismic metamodel?

Back 37

EMPHATIZES NATURE (Genes)

ACTIVE ORGANISM

QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES (what’s the difference?)
The whole phenomena is GREATER than the sum of its parts.

DEVELOPMENT HAS A GOAL, IS COMPLEX, AND CONSTANTLY CHANGING.

Front 38

What is the contextual metamodel?

Back 38

EMPHATIZES NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACTION -<B> takes everything into context</b>

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES (everyday world interest, concern with variables such as years of education, etc)
The whole phenomena cannot be broken down into simple parts.

DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT, ARE COMPLEX, AND CONSTANTLY CHANGING.

Front 39

What is the lifespan developmental perspective (metamodel)?

Back 39

EACH INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPS IN HIS OR HER OWN WAY AND THE <b>DEVELOPMENT OCCUR OVER THE ENTIRE LIFE SPAN.</b>

EMPHASIZES NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACTION, DYNAMICALLY CHANGING, AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT.

<B>DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES INCLUDES BOTH GAIN & LOSSES </b>AND ARE MULTIDIMENSIONAL, MULTIDIRECTIONAL, AND MULTICAUSAL
The whole phenomena need to be study from different disciplines in the same time.

DEVELOPMENT IS PLASTIC.

Front 40

What are variables?

Back 40

CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTIC
(Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Socio- economic status, Level of Educ.)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACT
OBSERVED BEHAVIORS
TEST PERFORMANCE
RESPONSE QUESTIONNAIRES
ETC.. ETC.. ETC.

Front 41

What are factors?

Back 41

CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
COHORT (generation)
TIME OF MEASUREMENT (people change / methods available for studying change).

Front 42

What are the 3 types of research designs?

Back 42

1. cross-sectional & longitudinal
2. time-lag
3. sequential

Front 43

What is cross-sectional design?

Back 43

Research participants are members of two or more age groups (e.g., young and older) and studied at same time.
The most common design used

Measures age-related DIFFERENCE
Cannot disentangle factors of age and cohort

Front 44

What is longitudinal design?

Back 44

Research participants from one cohort are followed over time and tested or interviewed on two or more occasions
A possible time effect is SELECTIVE ATTRITION or drop-out.
Measures age-related CHANGE
Cannot disentangle factors of age and time of measurement

Front 45

What is time-lag design?

Back 45

Research participants are all the same chronological age (not strictly speaking a developmental design) and are tested in two different times.




Cannot disentangle factors of cohort and time of measurement

Front 46

What is sequential design?

Back 46

Three designs attempt to disentangle all three factors
(age, cohort, time of measurement)
Cohort-sequential & Time-sequential & Cross-sequential

Front 47

What is reliability?

Back 47

(Is the measure dependable, consistent?)
Is the dependability, or consistency, of the instrument used to measure variables of interest.
The reliability of an instrument must be established for all age groups regardless of whether a research study is cross-sectional or longitudinal.

Front 48

What is validity?

Back 48

(Are we measuring what we think we are measuring?)

<b>Internal Validity</b>—can we accurately identify the factor(s) responsible for an outcome?

<b>External Validity</b>—do findings from one participant sample generalize to another sample from the same population?

<b>Ecological Validity</b>-do our tests measure real-world functioning?

Front 49

What is sampling?

Back 49

Recruit sample of research participants from the population of interest

Ideal if sample is randomly selected

Samples should be representative of their respective populations

Sampling can affect both internal and external validity of a study

Front 50

What are approaches to conducting aging research?

Back 50

Experimental

Quasi-Experimental

Descriptive

Front 51

What is the experimental approach?

Back 51

Variables are independent or dependent
Researcher manipulates levels of a categorical independent variable (or factor)
Research participants are randomly assigned to levels of the manipulated factor
Cause and effect statements can be made

Front 52

What is the quasi-experimental approach?

Back 52

Same form as an experiment (at least one variable is categorical)
Often the categorical variable is organismic (for example, age group, gender, ethnicity)
Research participants not randomly assigned to levels of the categorical factor
Cannot make cause and effect statements, but can look for an association between the categorical factor and another variable

Front 53

What is the descriptive approach?

Back 53

Researcher does NOT manipulate any of the variables
Variables are neither independent nor dependent
Data are collected on the variables of interest and the relationship between them is studied.
Cannot make cause and effect statements
Can study the correlation (relationship) between variables
Correlations can range from -1.0 to +1.0.

Front 54

What are ethics in research on human aging?

Back 54

Research must be reviewed by an Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Research participant (or a relative or caretaker) must sign a consent form after the research study is described
Participants’ responses must remain confidential and in some cases participants are debriefed as to the purpose of the study
Participants are free to discontinue if they so choose

Front 55

What is primary aging?

Back 55

Are <B>unavoidable</b> (inevitable), universal, intrinsic (comes from within)<B> biological processes.</b>
There are individual differences in the rate at which occurs.

Front 56

What is secondary aging?

Back 56

..is associated with defects in biological functioning resulting from hostile environment influences.
Evitable and not universal.
Extrinsic influences are important (disease, disuse, abuse).

Front 57

What is biological aging?

Back 57

Unlike Psychological Aging, which includes both increment (GAIN) and decrement (LOSSES),..

..Biological Aging generally involves “decremental physical changes (both structural and functional) that develop with the passage of time” (Busse, 1995).


Biological aging is gradual and cumulative, but physical changes do not usually prevent people from leading productive and enjoyable lives.

Front 58

What is life span?

Back 58

<i>Maximum</i> longevity, or extreme upper limit of time, that members of a species can live (120 in humans).

Life Span has stayed the <B>same</b> (life span is not likely to change until the key to aging is discovered).

Front 59

What is life expectancy?

Back 59

<i>Average number</i> of years people in a particular cohort are expected to live, but cannot forecast how many years an individual cohort member will live.

Life expectancy has been <b>increasing</b>

Front 60

What is life expectancy affected by?

Back 60

Level of nutrition
Sanitary conditions (public health/hygienic conditions)
Medical care (especially young age mortality)

Front 61

What is morbility?

Back 61

Refer to illness and disease rate of a population

Front 62

What is mortality?

Back 62

Refer to the death rate of a population

Front 63

<u>Life expectancy &Rectangular Survival Curve</u>

What is compression of mortality?

Back 63

A greater <i>proportion of deaths </i>occur during a narrow time period at upper limit of human life span.

Front 64

<u>Life expectancy &Rectangular Survival Curve</u>

What is compression of morbidity?

Back 64

<i>Illness and disability</i> occur only during a narrow time period immediately prior to death.

Front 65

What are theories of biological aging?

Back 65

programmed and stochastic

Front 66

What is programmed biological aging?

Back 66

The aging processes is under the control of genetically based blueprint.

Time Clock Theory
Immune System Theory
Evolutionary Theory

Front 67

What is stochastic biological aging?

Back 67

<b>Random damage</b> to our vital systems are accumulating during the process of living and they influence the efficiency of our body functions.

Error Theory
Wear and Tear Theory
Rate of Living Theory
Stress Theory
Build-up of damaging substance

Front 68

The aging processes is under the control of __________________.

Back 68

genetically based blueprint

Front 69

Programmed Theories

What is the time clock theory?

Back 69

Life span of species is <B>determined by a genetic blueprint, or time clock, at the cellular level</b>.

Recently, researchers have focused on telomeres; the length of the telomeres may determine cell longevity (Cristofalo et al., 1999).

Gompertz equation is another argument used to support this assumption.

Front 70

Programmed Theories

What is the immune theory?

Back 70

The Immune System is programmed to maintain its efficiency for a certain amount of time, after which it starts to becomes less efficient, with fewer or inferior antibodies to protect against foreign invaders.

It is premature to conclude that immune system decline is the cause rather than the result of normal aging.

Front 71

Programmed Theories

What is the evolutionary theory?

Back 71

Members of a species are genetically programmed to <B>live long enough to bear and rear their young.</b>
Once members of a species reproduce and raise their offspring to independence, they have fulfilled their service in perpetuating the species.
At that time the member of a species already used a great amount of energy, so their susceptibility to disease (morbidity) increases

Front 72

Scholastic Theories

How do we manage to live as long as we do?

Back 72

Random damage to our vital systems are accumulating during the process of living and they influence the efficiency of our body functions.
As damage accumulates, we cease to function efficiently and eventually life becomes impossible to sustain.

Front 73

Scholastic Theories

What is the error theory?

Back 73

<b>Error occurs at the cellular level, resulting in the production of faulty molecules</b>.

These errors can result from the organism’s metabolic processes or exposure to environmental factors.

<B>Over time, unrepaired damage builds up, eventually resulting in metabolic failure and ultimately death.</b>

Front 74

Scholastic Theories

What is the wear and tear theory or the rate of liviing theory?

Back 74

This theory postulates that we begin life with a fixed amount of physiological energy.

Front 75

Scholastic Theories

What is the stress theory?

Back 75

The biological system <B>sustains damage from prolonged exposure to stress.</b>


Stress triggers physiological activation that results in secretion of stress-related hormones called glucocorticoids (GC).

Prolonged exposure to GC increase the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.


The body has two regulatory system for responding to stress:
- Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), and
Neuroendocrine Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA).

Ultimately, stress-related damage to the biological system can accelerate the aging process.

Front 76

Scholastic Theories

What is the build-up of damaging sustance theory?

Back 76

This theory postulates that <B>damaging substance or waste products could disrupt physiological functioning.</b>

Front 77

Scholastic Theories - build up of damaging sustance

What is the cross-linking theory?

Back 77

Cross links are the numbers of joints between neighboring molecules, like collagen and cells skin. As the number of cross-links increase the joints become less flexible.

Cross links affect metabolic functioning because it obstructs the passage of nutrients and waste products into and out of cells.

Front 78

Scholastic Theories - build up of damaging sustance

What is the free-radical theory?

Back 78

This theory focuses on the free radical molecules. Because of their instability, free radicals uniting with other molecules can damage these molecules (proteins, fats, and lipids) that are implicated in the production of cross-links.

Free radicals have been associated with change in the brain, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other disease.

Front 79

What are 5 ways to shorten your life?

Back 79

Being overweight
Drinking and Driving
Eating inadequate fruits and vegetables
Being physically inactive
Smoking

Front 80

Why does caloric restriction have a positive effect on rat's longevity?

Back 80

Slows down rate of cell division, reducing the chances of the uncontrolled cell division characteristic of a late-life cancer.

Lowers blood glucose level, which reduces the chances of damage from build-up of sugar on proteins.

Limits formation of free radicals.

Front 81

What are factors investigated for their role in predicting longevity?

Back 81

<b>Marital status </b>
(but finding may not generalize to different birth cohort)

<b>Cognitive ability and reaction time </b>
(Deary et al, 2005 found that reaction time was a strong predictor of mortality. Kleemeirer ,1962 found that score to test of cognitive ability has a steeper decline before death –terminal drop. Maire et al, 1999 found that the score on tests for intellectual functioning had a negative correlation with mortality rate; high-low)

<b>Subjective feelings about health</b>
(Menec et al, 1999 found a negative correlation between self-perceived health and mortality rate; high-low)

<b>Feelings about emotional well-being</b>
(Nun study, found a negative correlation between cognitive abilities and emotional abilities and mortality rate; high-low).

Front 82

Visible signs of aging are viewed more negatively in women than they are in men. True or false

Back 82

True

Front 83

Americans do not have a favourable view of people that use age concealment techniques, but they feel acceptable if they themselves use those techniques. True or false

Back 83

True

Front 84

What is it called when muscle mass and strength gradually decrease with age?

Back 84

sarcopenia

Front 85

What is the top preventative measure that can counteract the process of sarcopenia in adulthood?

Back 85

Strength training with free weight or resistance machines

Front 86

As people experience a decrease in sex hormones, they also lose bone mineral content. True or false

Back 86

true

Front 87

What is osteoporosis?

Back 87

bone loss

Front 88

What is a condition caused by degeneration of the joints, can cause pain and often loss of movement?

Back 88

arthritis

(osteoarthritis)

Front 89

What are changes that happen in the lungs?

Back 89

A decrease in lungs elasticity results in smaller lung volume. However, normal age-related changes in lung capacity do not prevent older adults from engaging in exercise, which can help them maintain respiratory capacity.

Front 90

What is Atherosclerosis?

Back 90

a build-up of a substance called <B>plaque</b> that causes a narrowing of the<B> arterial </b>walls and leads to restriction in blood flow.

Front 91

What is hypertension?

Back 91

the term used when <b>blood pressure is elevated to a dangerous zone</b>, and overtime can damage arterial walls and increase the risk of heart attacks, aneurysms, and stroke.

Front 92

What is diabetes mellitus?

Back 92

a chronic condition caused by the body’s inability to create or effectively use its own insulin.

Front 93

What is obesity?

Back 93

The proportion of body fat increase from young adulthood through late middle age. The <b>regional distribution</b> of fat seems to be more important than absolute amount of body fat in predicting diseases such as Type II diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and stroke (Masoro, 2006).
The <b>greater abdominal fat</b> has a positive correlation with these diseases.

Front 94

What factors play a role in older adult's sexual functioning?

Back 94

Earlier interest and enjoyment of sexual activity;
Moderate good physical and psychological health;
Medication (some prescription can affect libido);
Availability of a partner (lack of partner, especially for older woman)

Front 95

When does brain weight peak?

Back 95

at 20-30 and then declines by 10% by 10th decade

Front 96

When is there some shrinkage in brain volume?

Back 96

seems to begin in the 40s and to increase after age 60.

Front 97

What accounts for difficulties many older adults experience with sleep, processing sensory information, motor movements, and slowing, as well as with memory?

Back 97

Reduction in neurotransmitters at the synapses between neurons

Front 98

Atrophy of dendrites _______________

Back 98

Atrophy of dendrites that connect neurons, which results in fewer connections with other neurons.
After age 30, neurons die or become less functional, and also aging brain accumulate neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques.

Front 99

What is dementia?

Back 99

Is associated with brain volume shrinkage, and neuron atrophy in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe and corpus collosum.

Front 100

What fosters maintenance of dendritic density?

Back 100

maintaining good health, as well as mental and physical exercise. Dendritic connections are important factor in brain functioning that could compensate for whatever neuron loss may occur in old age.

Front 101

What are activities of daily living?

Back 101

ADL


Basic self-maintenance tasks
Eating, dressing, bathing, toileting, transferring into and out of a bed or chair, getting around the house

Front 102

What are instrumental activities of daily living?

Back 102

IADL

More complex activities needed to carry out the business of daily life
Prepare meals, shop, manage money, do housework, use telephone, take medications on schedule

Front 103

What is medicare?

Back 103

Federal health insurance program started in 1965 for Americans aged 65+
Recipients must have worked the required amount of time to qualify but it is not means tested
Part A (covers hospital and related costs/no premium)
Part B (Physician fees, etc./premium)
Part C (prescription drugs/premium)

Front 104

What is medicaid?

Back 104

Federal program administered by states
Means tested (must fall below certain income)

Front 105

Other research indicates that maintaining good health, as well as mental and physical exercise, fosters maintenance of __________

Back 105

dendritic density.

Dendritic connections are important factor in brain functioning that could compensate for whatever neuron loss may occur in old age.

Front 106

What is sensation?

Back 106

the sensory organ’s initial registration of physical stimulation

Front 107

What is perception?

Back 107

the interpretation of the stimuli’s registration in the brain

Front 108

What is threshold?

Back 108

Minimum intensity of stimulation needed for a sensory organ to register its presence

Front 109

What is absolute threshold?

Back 109

<b>minimum </b>intensity needed for a stimulus to be detected

Front 110

What is terminal threshold?

Back 110

intensity beyond which a stimulus is <b>no longer detected</b>

Front 111

What is threshold of pain?

Back 111

intensity beyond which a stimulus becomes <b>unbearable and dangerous</b>.

Front 112

What is sensitivity?

Back 112

Capability of responding to stimulation
Inverse of threshold (high sensitivity = low threshold)

Front 113

What is the signal detection model?

Back 113

Takes into account sensitivity & decisional criteria

<B>Before being able to make a decision we need to interpret the stimuli</b>

Older adults tend to use conservative decision making (low false negative, high missing)

Front 114

During the aging process sensitivity _______ and sensory threshold _______

Back 114

decreases

increases

Front 115

What is reaction time?

Back 115

The time between the onset of a stimulus and the completion of a response

Reaction time (r.t.) can assess the organization and efficiency of the central nervous system

Front 116

What is a simple r.t. task?

Back 116

1 stimulus
1 response

Front 117

What is a choice r.t. task?

Back 117

2 stimuli
2 responses

Front 118

What is complex r.t. task?

Back 118

more than 2 stimuli
more than 2 responses

Front 119

What is premotor time?

Back 119

(84% of r.time)
Time between onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a motor response

<B>time from when something happens to when you react</b>

Front 120

What is motor time?

Back 120

(16% of r.time)
Time elapsing from the initiation of a motor response and its completion

Front 121

There is an age-related slowing on ________ and _________ time tasks.

Back 121

complex

choice reaction

Front 122

What is the age-complexity hypothesis?

Back 122

The more complex the task, the greater the age-related gap in speed of response

Front 123

What is the stimulus persistence theory?

Back 123

At the central level (brain), information is processed more slowly
Less efficient processing of incoming information because older information is still being processed
E.g. Critical flicker fusion threshold phenomena (blending of different signals presented in series)

Front 124

What can older adults speed of responding be improved with?

Back 124

Regular exercise (long-term habits seem to be more effective for increasing speed of processing than short-term exercise)

Opportunities to practice (repetita iuvant)

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What is Anosmia, Hyposmia?

Back 125

Smell

" a nose"

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What is Ageusia, Hypogeusia?

Back 126

taste

ageusia->arugula(food)->taste

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At what age is there a progressive loss of sensitivity?

Back 127

60

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What is Proprioception?

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awareness of position and movement of the body and limb in space

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What is pain?

Back 129

measuring is complex, it is related to sensitivity, willingness to report, and emotional experiences

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What is balance?

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no difference between young and old under normal conditions. Older adults use compensation from other sensory sources (Weisenberger, 2007).
Falls are greater risk for health.

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What are ways to prevent a fall?

Back 131

muscle Strength and Balance Training (SBT).
Need to be presented not just as exercise to prevent a threat, but as an opportunity to enjoy and improve the general health!

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What happens to the cornea?

Back 132

Luster, thickness & curvature can change

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What happens to the acqeous humour?

Back 133

humour->laugh->weed->glaucoma

Glaucoma (elevated pressure)

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What happens to the pupil?

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diameter decreases (lets in less light), less reacting, and less adjustable

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What happens to the lens?

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Increased size & thickness (Presbyopia)
Yellowing (changes in color vision)
Senile cataracts (opacities create glare)

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What happens to the retina?

Back 136

# of retinal ganglion cell axons decline
Macular degeneration
Diabetic retinopathy

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What helps prevent vision problems?

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Diet (Vitamin C and E, zinc, daily glass of red wine)
Don’t smoke

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What is conductive hearing loss?

Back 138

Usually mechanical in nature

Structural changes in outer ear (eardrum: stiffer, thinner & less elastic) or impacted wax

Structural changes in middle ear (ossicles: calcification)

Affects all frequencies (high/low pitch)

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What is Sensorineural hearing loss?

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Damage or degeneration of cochlear hair cells on basilar membrane

Frequencies affected depends on where on the basilar membrane hair cells are damaged

Typical age- related increasing
in threshold for high-pitch

Less sensitivity to door-bells,
smoke alarms, birds chirping

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What is Presbycusis?

Back 140

Type of hearing loss common in older adulthood

Associated with sensorineural loss & higher order processing
Lower sensitivity to high-frequency tones
High-frequency loss eventually affects speech sounds (s,z,t,th,f)
Difficult discriminating work high-frequency consonants (fit, sit)
Phonemic regression (hear it but cannot understand it)
Difficulty understanding speech in noisy conditions or “babble”
Difficulty to understand rapid speech

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What is Phonemic regression?

Back 141

Older understanding of speech is poorer than it should be based solely on their sensitivity to pure tone.

Front 142

Other facts about presbycusis?

Back 142

Begins earlier (30s) and progresses faster in men than women

More common in European Americans than African Americans

May be associated with exposure to noise

Other factors could be genetic influences, medication, hypertension, and lifestyle habits of diet, alcohol, and smoking (future? rock concert, mobile devices)

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What is elder speak?

Back 143

Slower speech and Shorter sentences

Reduced complexity of grammar (overly simple grammar, simpler words, and more repetition)

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What is patronizing speech?

Back 144

(frequently impose unnecessary constrains on interactions = unsatisfaction = avoiding)

Terms of endearment (“Honey,” “dear”)

Speaking too loudly

Exaggerated prosody (intonation, and nonverbal gestures)

Overhelping style

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What is Reduced Attentional Resources/Capacity Model?

Back 145

Quantity of processing <b>resources </b>declines with age

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What is Inhibitory Deficit Model?

Back 146

inhibited from ignoring distractions/inhibited from staying focussed

Decreased ability with increasing age to ignore irrelevant stimuli (distractors) and focus on relevant ones (targets)

Front 147

What is the frontal lobe model?

Back 147

Frontal lobes are susceptible to effects of aging, affecting decision making, processing of multiple streams of stimuli, initiating and stopping behaviors, etc. (based on neurological evidences, off-target verbosity, & experiment)

Front 148

What two different systems appear to play a role in attentional functioning?

Back 148

frontal area & occipital/parietal areas

Front 149

What is sustained attention (vigilance)?

Back 149

Monitoring stable patterns of stimuli for any evidence of change (e.g. quality monitor managing)

Front 150

What is divided attention?

Back 150

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time or processing concurrently two or more stimuli (e.g. driving)

Front 151

What is selective attention?

Back 151

Paying attention to relevant information and ignoring distracting information (e.g. follow a conversation at a party)

Front 152

What are vigilance tasks?

Back 152

Age-related differences only when tasks are complex or strictly timed. Improvement with practice. Older adult are less prone to mind wandering during simple vig.tasks.

Front 153

What are divided attention tasks?

Back 153

Age-related differences when demands of the tasks exceed older adults’ attentional resources/capacity. E.g. new dual-task situation. Improvement with practice.

Front 154

What are selective attention tasks?

Back 154

Age-related differences when the situation makes it difficult to ignore distracting stimuli

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What is AAMI?

Back 155

Age-Associated Memory Impairment


Mild form of memory loss can occur with the aging process

Front 156

What is the information processing model?

Back 156

Sensory store

Short-term store

Long-term store

Front 157

What is sensory store?

Back 157

Momentary perceptual trace (iconic, echoic)

It seems that in older adults the info dissipate more quickly; but in sum minimal differences

Front 158

What is short-term store?

Back 158

Info held for up to 30 seconds
Limited capacity: between 5 and 9 items

Front 159

What are 2 components of short-term store?

Back 159

<B>Primary memory </b>– holds info in the same form which it was entered. Almost no age-related decline.

<b>Working memory</b> – holds, manipulates, and actively processes info. Decline relate to age and task-complexity.

Front 160

Short-term store - What is working memory?

Back 160

Limited capacity
You can process more information at any given time if some is speech-based (phonological) and some visual or spatial (visuo-spatial)!!

Front 161

What is long-term store?

Back 161

Info held for long-time (days, weeks..)
Apparently no capacity limits.

Front 162

What are the 3 long-term store categories?

Back 162

<b>Procedural memory</b> – Almost no age-related decline

<b>Semantic memory</b> - Almost no age-related decline

<b>Episodic memory</b> – Age-related decline

Front 163

Long-term store: What is procedural memory?

Back 163

Procedural memory
<b>Skills </b>acquired gradually with practice over a long time.
(e.g. driving, play music instrumnt, understand languages)

Front 164

Long-term store: What is semantic memory?

Back 164

Info well learned, but no specific time or place can be identified as to when it was placed there.
(e.g. where is Paris, meaning, knowledge)

Front 165

Long-term store: What is episodic memory?

Back 165

Memory for <b>event and experiences</b> + specific place & time.
(e.g. where I parked my car at the mall)

Front 166

Episodic memory - what is source memory?

Back 166

where or from whom an info was acquired. Very little age-related differences.

Front 167

Episodic memory - What is temporal memory?

Back 167

when the event occurred.
Older adults are less accurate than young adults

Front 168

Episodic memory - what is frequency of occurrence memory?

Back 168

how frequent. Age-related decline in accuracy.

Front 169

What is the episodic memory stage of processing?

Back 169

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

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What is encoding?

Back 170

-Forming a memory trace to enter into long-term s.

Can be Rote – simple rehearse over & over again
Can be Elaborative – visual or verbal elaboration

Easy to retrieve memory traces elaborative encoded
Older tend to DON’T use elaborative encoding, BUT they can if they are prodded to.

Mediation deficiency -Inability to encode info elaboratively
Production def –Able to do so & failing to do so spontaneously

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What is the Encoding Specificity Principle?

Back 171

memory will be best if the <B>same information</b> is available<I> at both the time of encoding and the time of retrieval.</i>

Front 172

E.P. - What is storage?

Back 172

Bin where memory traces are stored for a long time, often permanently.

No age-related decline.
Organized placement in the long-term memory help to retrieve it more efficiently.

Front 173

E.P. What is retrieval?

Back 173

Getting information out of long-term storage

<b>Recall </b>- Older adults recall fewer items than young

<b>Cued recall</b> - Older adults may recall fewer items but age-related difference smaller than it is for recall
<b>Recognition </b>- Little or no age-related differences

Front 174

What is remote memory?

Back 174

very long-term memory

Front 175

Remote memory - what is factual information?

Back 175

Memory for political, sports and entertainment info.
A portion of these info is well retained into late adulthood without any further loss.

Front 176

Remote memory - what is autobiographical information?

Back 176

Memory for personal events (e.g. proms, weddings..)
Memories relatively well retained. Over time our memories may represent what we believe rather than what actually happened.

Front 177

What is the Reminiscence Bump?

Back 177

Older adults’ strongest and most vivid memories are for events and experiences that occurred between ages 10 and 30.

That time is a period of rapid change, peak cognitive functioning, and both of which foster elaborative encoding.

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What is prospective memory?

Back 178

Remembering to do something in the future (e.g. pay bills, mail letters, make phone call, go to app.)

Front 179

What is prospective memory failure?

Back 179

Absentmindedness

Front 180

What are the two types of prospective memory?

Back 180

<b>Event-based tasks</b> - remembering to perform some action in response to an external cue (calendar, smart phone..).
Environmental support strateg. Little age-related decline.

<b>Time-based tasks </b>- remembering to perform some action without the aid of any external physical cue.
Self-initiated processing. No clear Age-related findings.

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What is discourse memory?

Back 181

Memory for extended <B>language materials</b>
Themes (gist) and Details. Older adults recall better gist.
Education and Intellectual activity affect the decline.
Older adults rely on their knowledge of language structure to compensate age-related decline.

Off-line measures
Individuals read/listen to language-related materials and afterward take a memory test

On-line measures
Investigates strategies individuals use as they process discourse materials

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What is implicit memory?

Back 182

Implicit memory is memory <B>without any deliberate recollection</b>

No conscious intention to remember when exposed to stimuli or events

No awareness that memory traces were encoded

However, implicit memory inferred when prior exposure affects subsequent performance or behavior

Front 183

Implicit memory holds up worse than explicit even for older adults with dementia. True or false

Back 183

False

it holds up better

Front 184

What is metamemory?

Back 184

<B>An inherent understanding of memory</b> (how the memory system works, the differences between the memory tasks)

No age-related differences about this knowledge.
Less accurate understanding of metamemory = fail to engage in strategies that would help.
Less accuracy to monitoring the memory processing = fail to use additional cognitive resources.

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What is memory self-evaluation?

Back 185

Older adults often report more frequent forgetting
Older adults’ memory complaints are not always reflected in their actual memory performance

It is possible that in some cases these complaints reflect depression, sadness, or other emotional difficulties about health problems or general feeling of inadequacy.
In other cases older adults acknowledge their memory losses but in the same time they believe this don’t represent any problem in everyday life.

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What is memory self-efficacy?

Back 186

<B>Beliefs and judgments about one’s own memory </b>competence/confidence in one’s own memory abilities.

Some Age-related difference in performances.
Goal-setting, positive feedback an encouragement has a positive effect on feeling of self-efficacy and performance
Older adults that feel a sense of control of their performance are more apt to expend effort to maximize their memory and more likely to implement Coping Behaviors (making lists, forming visual imagery) in response to perceived memory difficulties. This can be applied to memory training.