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132 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Active immunity
or
Acquired Immunity
Production of antibodies or development of immune lymphocytes against specific antigens.
Anergy
Inability to react to specific antigens.
Antibodies
Immunoglobulin molecules that bind with an antigen to inactivate it.
Antibody-mediated (humoral) immune response
Activation of B cells to produce antibodies to respond to antigens such as bacteria, bacterial toxins, and free viruses.
Antigen
A substance capable of evoking a specific immune response.
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Bursa-equivalent lymphocytes responsible for synthesizing humoral antibody (Dorland's).
Bactericidal
Capable of killing organisms without immune system intervention.
Bacteriostatic
Inhibits growth of microorganisms, leaving the destruction to the host's immune system.
Cell-mediated (cellular) immune response
Direct or indirect inactivation of antigen by lymphocytes.
Cytokines
Hormone-like polypeptides produced primarily by monocytes, macrophages, and T cells. Cytokines act as messengers of the immune system, facilitating communication between the cells to adjust or vary the inflammatory reaction or to initiate immune cell proliferation and differentiation.
Endotoxins
Found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins are released only when the cell is disrupted. They act as activators of many human regulatory systems, producing fever, inflammation, and potentially clotting, bleeding, or hypotension when released in large quantities.
Exotoxins
are soluble proteins secreted into surrounding tissue by the microorganism. Exotoxins are highly poisonous, causing cell death or dysfunction.
Immunity
The protection of the body from disease.
Immunocompetent
Possesing an immune system that can identify antigens and effectively destroy or remove them.
Immunoglobulin
(Ig) A protein that functions as an antibody.
Infection
Colonization by and multiplication of an organism within a host. The host can be any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of the microorganism-for example, humans.
Inflammation
A nonspecific, adaptive response to injury that brings fluid, dissolved substances, and blood cells into the interstitial tissues where the invasion or damage has occurred.
Leukocytes
Also called white blood cells (WBCs), these are the primary cells involved in both nonspecific and specific immune system responses. These cells isolate the infecting organism or injury, destroy pathogens and promote healing.
Leukocytosis
A WBC (white blood cell) count of greater than 10,000/mm.
Leukopenia
Abnormal decrease of circulating leukocytes, usually below 5000/mm occurs when bone marrow activity is suppressed or when leukocyte destruction increases.
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes account for 20% to 40% of circulating leukocytes. Lymphocytes are the principle effector and regulator cells of specific immune responses.
Macrophages
Monocytes mature into macrophages after settling into tissue. Macrophages are large phagocytes. They are important in the body's defense against chronic infections.
Natural killer cells (NK cells; null cells)
Large, granular lymphocytes {found in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood} providing immune surveillance and resistance to infection, and playing an important role in the destruction of early malignant cells.
Nosocomial infections
Infections that are acquired in a health care setting, such as a hospital or nursing home.
Passive immunity
Temporary protection--provided by antibodies produced by other people or animals--against disease-producing antigens. Protection is gradually lost when these acquired antibodies are used up either by natural degradation or by combining with the antigen.
Pathogens
Virulent organisms rarely found in the absence of disease.
Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP)
Unlike MRSA and VRE, PRSP is transmitted by droplets from the respiratory tract and requires transmission-based droplet precautions.
Phagocytosis
A process by which a foreign agent or target cell is engulfed, destroyed, and digested. Neutrophils and macrophages, known as phagocytes, are the primary cells involved in phagocytosis
T Lymphocytes
(T cells) Type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland.
Vaccine
Suspensions of whole or fractionated bacteria or viruses that have been treated to make them nonpathogenic.
Vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA)
Vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA)
While the nurse is teaching a 70-year old client about the importance of receiving an annual influenza vaccine, the client states, “I will get the flu, if I take the shot.” How should the nurse respond?
“The flu vaccine does not contain living microorganisms.”
Rationale: The flu vaccine does not contain living microorganisms. It is an attenuated vaccination. The viruses in the vaccine have been through a desensitizing process; rendering the viruses in the vaccine useless in their infection producing capacity. No parts of the vaccine contain active viruses. The client does not contract the flu from receiving the vaccine because the viruses have been desensitized.
Nursing Process: Intervention
Client Need: Disease Prevention
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Discuss the components and functions of the immune system and the immune response.
Strategy: Identify the core issue to prevent distraction of incorrect choices.
A 75-year old client with fragile, warm skin, a white blood cell count is 16,600/mm3, and a body temperature is 101.4 F along with the following vital signs: B/P 102/88, pulse 106 bpm, and respirations 26 is admitted for fever of unknown cause. The nurse should include which of the following interventions in the care of a client with a bacterial infection? Select all that apply.
Administer anti-inflammatory medications as ordered.
Assist the client with activities of daily living.
Administer antibiotics as ordered to eradicate microbes.
Rationale: It is apparent that this client has an infection, and the inflammatory process has been initiated due to the infection. Since an infectious process stimulates the inflammatory response, anti-inflammatory agents are likely to be ordered. The client could be weak due to malaise, fever, elevated pulse, and elevated respirations. It may be necessary to assist the client with ADLs to prevent injuries. Administering antibiotics will eradicate resulting in a decreased WBC count and fever. Applying warm compresses may increase the client’s temperature, and is contraindicated in this case. A cold shower may cause the client to shiver; thereby, increasing the client’s core body temperature.

Nursing Process: Intervention
Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Use the nursing process as a framework to provide individualized care to clients with inflammation and infection.
Strategy: Apply knowledge of the nursing process to the clinical scenario to select the correct interventions.
A client is being treated for a wound infection has a white blood cell count of 17,000/mm3 along with a B/P of 128/68, temperature of 102.4, a pulse rate of 116 and respirations are 24. Which nursing diagnosis takes priority?
Hyperthermia r/t microbial invasion and inflammatory response AEB: WBC 17,000/mm3 and temperature of 102.4
Rationale: Hyperthermia is a priority for this client. The client’s temperature is over 100 F, pulse is over 100 bpm, and respirations are 24 bpm. The client’s pulse and respirations are elevated due to the fever, which stems from bacterial invasion. Once the fever is addressed these other vital signs will stabilize. This client does not demonstrate signs or symptoms of decreased cardiac output. The client’s pulse is elevated because of the client’s febrile status. The client’s respirations are only 24, which is on the high side of normal, and may be elevated due to the client’s fever. Increased tissue perfusion is not a nursing diagnosis.
Nursing Process: Diagnosis
Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Use the nursing process as a framework to provide individualized care to clients with inflammation and infection.
Strategy: Apply the nursing process to the clinical scenario to select the correct nursing diagnosis.
A client has been diagnosed with MRSA in a right lower leg wound. The results of the CBC are: WBC 17,200/mm3, neutrophils 66%, bands 18.0, and segs 2.0. How should the nurse interpret the findings of the CBC differential?
The client’s bone marrow is unable to produce enough mature white blood cells.
Rationale: The segs represent mature WBCs, and this value is low. Bands signify immature WBCs, and this value is elevated indicating an inability of the bone marrow to produce enough mature WBCs to keep up with the client’s infection. This client’s infection is not contained, and too massive to be resolved by the client’s immune system. However, the data presented in the scenario does not specify the infection is not responding to antibiotics.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Describe the pathophysiology of wound healing, inflammation, and infection.
Strategy: Use knowledge of pathophysiology and the process of elimination to make the correct choice.
Because a client who is taking chemotherapy for cancer has a WBC count of 13, 400/mm3, neutrophils are 76%, segs are 4.0, and bands are 20.0. The nurse performs which of the following most appropriate activities?
Obtain specimens of all suspicious areas for culture

Rationale: Low segs specify a low production of mature WBCs, and the elevated bands indicate a high production of immature WBCs. In the maturation pathway of the WBC, bands are located to the left of the segs; hence, the term left shift. The term left shift denotes the client’s bone marrow is unable to produce enough mature white blood cells to counteract the massive infection. A priority action is to determine the cause of infection. The nurse should culture urine, sputum, wounds, and other body tissue or fluid that could be infected. The other options are correct, but the priority is determining the etiology of infection. In clients with a suppressed immune system it is important to administer antibiotics, change intravenous tubing daily and consume a low-bacteria diet. In this case, the client’s immune system is suppressed secondary to chemotherapy.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Analysis
Objective: Describe the pathophysiology of wound healing, inflammation, and infection.
Strategy: Use knowledge of pathophysiology and the process of elimination to make the correct choice.
During the last 12 hours, a client is being treated for an acute infection has experienced frequent temperature elevations. After the healthcare provider prescribed aspirin 650 mg PO, the client states, “I don’t take aspirin for fever, I use Tylenol. Why did the doctor prescribe aspirin?” Which of the following is the most appropriate response?
“Aspirin lowers the temperature as well as decreasing inflammation.”
Rationale: Aspirin interferes with the inflammatory process by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins. Also, aspirin does not lower core temperature by interfering with the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system does not participate in the thermoregulatory process. The mechanism of Aspirin is the reduction of prostaglandin synthesis.
Nursing Process: Intervention
Client Need: Pharmacological Therapies
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Provide teaching for clients with inflammation or an infection and their families.
Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.
After the public health nurse administers the MMR vaccine to a client, what intervention should the nurse perform prior to discharge?
Monitor the client closely for 30 minutes to assess for adverse reactions.

Rationale: The nurse should monitor the client closely for 30 minutes after the vaccine has been administered to assess for adverse reactions. A 30-minute time frame allows enough time to monitor for adverse medication reaction. Assessing the client’s response to the vaccine should occur immediately within the first 30 minutes to an hour, not three months later. Measurement of titers is more appropriate for this time frame. The client’s allergy history should be assessed prior to the administration of the vaccine, not after the vaccine has been administered. Instructing the client to apply ice to the injection site is not a standard of practice. The client does not have a reason to apply ice to the injection site.
Nursing Process: Intervention
Client Need: Prevention of Health Problems
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Use the nursing process as a framework to provide individualized care to clients with inflammation and infections.
Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.
After a client being treated for diabetes mellitus ranks the pain sensation as 3/10 on an exudative wound on the left foot, the nurse should add which of the following nursing diagnoses to the plan of care?
Risk for Infection r/t open toe wound
Rationale: This is a diabetic client with an open toe wound. Diabetics have delayed wound healing due to compromised tissue perfusion, which places the client at risk for infection. As the nurse addresses risk for infection, the skin integrity will also be managed. The client has impaired skin integrity; however, the goal is to prevent infection, and heal the new wound. Comfort may be a concern for this client, but it is not the best option. The possibility of infection must be addressed promptly to avert further physiological changes
Nursing Process: Diagnosis
Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Use the nursing process as a framework to provide individualized care to clients with inflammation and infection.
Strategy: Apply the nursing process to the clinical scenario to select the correct nursing diagnosis.
The nurse selected the nursing diagnosis: risk for infection r/t open wound as evidenced by (AEB) moderate wound exudates for a client with a wound secondary to cellulitis on the left leg. What nursing interventions should the nurse add to the plan of care?
Monitor the wound for signs of progressive infection.
Measure the circumference of the left leg.
Evaluate the client’s complete blood count.
Rationale: The nurse should assess the wound for signs and symptoms of infection to determine wound progression or deterioration. Measuring the circumference of the left leg helps assess the amount of edema present from the infected wound. Monitoring the client’s WBC helps identify the client’s response to treatment. Vital signs should be assessed frequently, such as every four hours during the acute phase of the infection to detect subtle changes. Applying cold compresses to the area is contraindicated due to the vasocontrictive properties of cold compresses.
Nursing Process: Intervention
Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Use the nursing process as a framework to provide individualized care to clients with inflammation and infection.
Strategy: Apply knowledge of the nursing process to the clinical scenario to select the correct interventions.
Rationale: The nurse should assess the wound for signs and symptoms of infection to determine wound progression or deterioration. Measuring the circumference of the left leg helps assess the amount of edema present from the infected wound. Monitoring the client’s WBC helps identify the client’s response to treatment. Vital signs should be assessed frequently, such as every four hours during the acute phase of the infection to detect subtle changes. Applying cold compresses to the area is contraindicated due to the vasocontrictive properties of cold compresses.
Nursing Process: Intervention
Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Use the nursing process as a framework to provide individualized care to clients with inflammation and infection.
Strategy: Apply knowledge of the nursing process to the clinical scenario to select the correct interventions.
Because a client comes to the medical floor to rule out a diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), which precautions should the nurse include in the plan of care?
When leaving the room, have the client wear a HEPA respirator mask.
Use a HEPA respirator mask while performing all care.
Place the client in a private room with negative air-flow.
Rationale: Tuberculosis is an airborne disease, and all staff should use the proper personal protective equipment. Clients suspected of having tuberculosis, or who have a definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis should be placed in a private room with negative air-flow to inhibit the air in the room from escaping into the hallway. Visitors should be kept to a minimum; however, should the client receive visitors, all visitors should wear HEPA respirator masks. The client may need to leave the room for nuclear studies. The client should always wear a HEPA respirator mask when leaving the room to prevent transmission of bacteria. All staff should wear a HEPA respirator mask when performing care.
Nursing Process: Intervention
Client Need: Infection Control
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Apply universal precautions, particularly handwashing, to prevent spread of infection within the client, to other clients in the facility, and to members of the interdisciplinary team and visitors.
Strategy: Apply knowledge of infection control and the process of elimination to select the correct response.
A client who is experiencing knee pain tells the nurse, “my knee is swollen and hurts. It must be infected.” Which is the best response?
“Your body reacts to various injuries by activating the inflammatory response.”

Rationale: The body reacts to various injuries by activating the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response is activated in any type of injury; physical or bacterial. During the inflammatory process, the client will have edema due to the rush of neutrophils and histamine to the site. A diagnosis of infection should be made by the healthcare professional once more definitive testing has been performed such as; body fluid culture, and WBC count.

Nursing Process: Intervention

Client Need: Physiological Adaptation

Cognitive Level: Application

Objective: Provide teaching for clients with inflammation or an infection and their families.

Strategy: Use knowledge of pathophysiology and the process of elimination to make the correct choice
When the nurse teaches a client how to care for a leg wound, which of the following elements should be included?
“Make sure you wash your hands before and after each dressing change.”
“Double bag all exudate and soiled dressings.”
“Use gloves while changing the dressing.”
Rationale: Hand washing prevents cross-contamination of bacteria from the client’s hands to the wound. It also prevents the client from contaminating other surfaces after the dressing has been changed. Soiled dressings should be double-bagged to prevent possible bacterial leakage onto floor surfaces. Soiled clothes and linens may be washed in soap and water; bleach is not necessary. Cleaning the wound with saline or betadine may be contraindicated. Wound care orders are not included in the scenario. The nurse should not assume that saline and/or betadine may be used on the wound.
Nursing Process: Intervention
Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Provide teaching for clients with inflammation or an infection and their families.
Strategy: Apply knowledge of infection control and the process of elimination to select the correct response.
Rationale: Hand washing prevents cross-contamination of bacteria from the client’s hands to the wound. It also prevents the client from contaminating other surfaces after the dressing has been changed. Soiled dressings should be double-bagged to prevent possible bacterial leakage onto floor surfaces. Soiled clothes and linens may be washed in soap and water; bleach is not necessary. Cleaning the wound with saline or betadine may be contraindicated. Wound care orders are not included in the scenario. The nurse should not assume that saline and/or betadine may be used on the wound.
Nursing Process: Intervention
Client Need: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Provide teaching for clients with inflammation or an infection and their families.
Strategy: Apply knowledge of infection control and the process of elimination to select the correct response.
Although the isolation units are filled, a nurse working on an inpatient unit admits several clients with transmissible infections. When an opening does occur, the nurse is most likely to transfer which of the following clients first?
Methicillin resistance staphylococcal aureus (MRSA) of the lungs
Rationale: MRSA is a bacterial infection that is difficult to treat and contagious. MRSA of the lungs is transmitted by droplet and contact modes. This client should be placed in isolation immediately. A streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory system is contagious; however, it is treated with an oral penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotic. A staphylococcal infection of the legs is a common form of cellulitis that is easily treated with a combination of oral, intravenous, or topical antibiotics. In option four, this client does not have an active form of tuberculosis, but is being treated for exposure to someone who had active tuberculosis. This client is being placed on isolation as a prophylactic measure to decrease the possibility of the transmission of microorganisms.
Nursing Process: Planning
Client Need: Infection Control
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Use the nursing process as a framework to provide individualized care to clients with inflammation and infection.
Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS) A specific group of diseases or conditions which are indicative of severe immunosuppression related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.
Allergy
A hypersensitivity response to environmental or exogenous antigens.
Allografts
Grafts between members of the same species but who have different genotypes and HLA antigens (See also Homograft).
Anaphylaxis
Shock resulting from a widespread hypersensitivity reaction.
Autografting
Transplanting of the client's own tissue. This is the most successful type of tissue transplant.
Autoimmune disorder
Failure of immune system to recognize itself resulting in normal host tissue being targeted by immune defenses.
Histocompatibility
The ability of cells and tissues to survive transplantation without immunologic interference by the recipient.
Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) Lentivirus responsible for AIDS.
Hypersensitivity
An altered immune response to an antigen that results in harm to the client.
Immunosuppression
Inability of the immune system to respond to an antigen. Occurs in response to disease or medications; may be intentional to prevent rejection of transplants or a side effect of some medications.
Isograft
Tissue transplant where the donor and recipient are identical twins.
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)
A cancer usually affecting the skin but also internal organs. It is often the presenting symptom of AIDS.
Seroconversion
Antibody response to a disease or vaccine.
Xenograft
A transplant from an animal species to a human.
The nurse is preparing to initiate a blood transfusion. The client has a peripheral intravenous infusion in their left arm that the physician has ordered not be slowed or rate reduced. The nurse prepares to start another line in the right arm. The client asks the nurse to use the existing site to avoid the trauma of having another line started. Which of the following statements by the nurse is correct?
“I will need to infuse the blood through a separate IV line.”
Rationale: A blood infusion must be administered via a separate IV line. The other responses indicate to the client their request is being considered.
Nursing Process Step: Implementation
Client Needs: Physiological Integrity
Cognitive Level: Application
Objective: Provide client teaching about hypersensitivities, avoidance of sensitizing agents, and prophylactic treatment.
Strategy: Utilize the principles of therapeutic communication and the process of elimination to select the correct answer.
The physician orders 2 units of packed RBCs to be administered to the client. At 0600 the night shift nurse initiates the first unit’s transfusion before going off shift. At 1000 the day shift nurse notes the IV line has clotted off and the transfusion has not been completed. The nursing assessment revealed the transfusion was only approximately 75% complete. Which of the actions by the nurse is most appropriate?
Discontinue the transfusion.
Rationale: A unit of blood should be administered within a 4 hour period of time. The nurse should discontinue the transfusion, document the findings and notify the blood bank. The agency policy will need to be followed concerning the documentation process and notification of appropriate personnel. Continuing the transfusion with the “open” unit will expose the client to an increase risk of injury.
Nursing Process Step: Implementation
Client Need: Physiological Integrity
Client Level: Application
Objective: Recognize signs and symptoms of infection and minimize nosocomial exposure.
Strategy: Employ the principles used to reduce the onset of infection and complications and the process of elimination to select the correct answer.
Alopecia
Hair loss.
Cyanosis
A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to oxygen deficiency.
Edema
An excess accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
Erythema
A reddening of the skin.
Hirsutism
Increased growth of coarse hair, usually on the face and trunk.
Jaundice
Yellow-to-orange color visible in the skin and mucous membranes; it is most often the result of a hepatic disorder.
Melanin
Skin pigment that forms a protective shield to protect keratinocytes and nerve endings in the dermis from the damaging effects of ultraviolet light.
Pallor
Paleness of skin.
Urticaria
Hives.
Vitiligo
Abnormal loss of melanin in patches
Acne
Disorder of the pilosebaceous (hair and sebaceous gland) structure resulting in eruption of papules or pustules.
Actinic keratosis
Also called senile or solar keratosis, this is an epidermal skin lesion directly related to chronic sun exposure and photodamage.
Alopecia
Loss of hair, or baldness
Angioma
(hemangioma) Benign vascular tumor.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Common inflammatory skin disorder of unknown cause.
Basal cell carcinoma
Epithelial tumor that is believed to originate either from the basal layer of the epidermis or from cells in the surrounding dermal structures. These tumors are characterized by an impaired ability of the basal cells of the epidermis to mature into keratinocytes, with mitotic division beyond the basal layer.
Candidiasis
Infection caused by Candida Albicans, a yeast-like fungus.
Carbuncle
A group of infected hair follicles.
Cellulitis
A localized infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
Chemical peeling
The application of a chemical to produce a controlled and predictable injury that alters the anatomy of the epidermis and superficial dermis.
Comedones
Noninflammatory acne lesions.
Contact dermatitis
Type of dermatitis caused by a hypersensitivity response or chemical irritation.
Cosmetic surgery (aesthetic surgery)
One of two fields within plastic surgery. Cosmetic surgery enhances the attractiveness of normal features.
Cryosurgery
The destruction of tissue by cold or freezing with agents such as fluorocarbon sprays, carbon dioxide snow, nitrous oxide, and liquid nitrogen.
Curettage
The removal of lesions with a curette, a semisharp cutting instrument.
Dermatitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the skin characterized by erythema and pain or pruritus.
Dermatophytes
Fungi that cause superficial skin infections.
Electrosurgery
The destruction or removal of tissue with high-frequency alternating current.
Erysipelas
Infection of the skin most often caused by group A streptococci.
Exfoliative dermatitis
Inflammatory skin disorder characterized by excessive peeling or shedding of skin.
Flap
A piece of tissue whose free end is moved from a donor site to a recipient site while maintaining a continuous blood supply through its connection at the base or pedicle.
Folliculitis
Bacterial infection of the hair follicle, most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Frostbite
An injury of the skin from freezing.
Furuncle
Often called a boil, but also an inflammation of the hair follicle.
Fusiform excision
The removal of a full thickness of the epidermis and dermis, usually with a thin layer of subcutaneous tissue.
Herpes simplex
(fever blister, cold sore) Acute viral infections of the skin and mucous membranes caused by two types of herpes virus: HSV I and HSV II.
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Viral infection of a dermatome section of the skin caused by varicella zoster, the same herpesvirus that causes chickenpox.
Ichthyosis
An inherited dermatological condition in which the skin is dry, fissured, and hyperkeratotic; the surface of the skin has the appearance of fish scales.
Impetigo
Infection of the skin caused by either Staphylococcus aureus or beta-hemolytic streptococci.
Keloid
Elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar arising from excessive amounts of collagen in the stratum corneum during scar formation in connective tissue repair.
Keratosis
Any skin condition in which there is a benign overgrowth and thickening of the cornified epithelium.
Lichen planus
Benign inflammatory disorder of the mucous membranes and skin.
Liposuction
A method of changing the contours of the body by aspirating fat from the subcutaneous layer of tissue
.Malignant melanoma
(cutaneous melanoma) Skin cancer that arises from melanocytes.
Nevi (moles)
Flat or raised macules or papules with rounded, well-defined borders.
Onycholysis
The separation of the distal nail plate from the nail bed.
Onychomycosis
A fungal or dermatophyte infection of the nail plate.
Paronychia
An infection of the cuticle of the fingernails or toenails.
Pediculosis capitis
An infestation with head lice.
Pediculosis corporis
An infestation with body lice.
Pediculosis pubis
An infestation with pubic lice (often called crabs).
Pemphigus vulgaris
Chronic disorder of the skin and oral mucous membranes characterized by vesicle (blister) formation.
Plastic surgery
The alteration, replacement, or restoration of visible portions of the body, performed to correct a structural or cosmetic defect.
Pressure ulcer
Ischemic lesion of the skin and underlying tissue caused by external pressure that impairs the flow of blood and lymph.
Pruritus
Subjective itching sensation producing an urge to scratch.
Psoriasis
Chronic, noninfectious skin disorder that is characterized by raised, reddened, round circumscribed plaques covered by silvery white scales.
Pyoderma
Purulent bacterial infection of skin.
Scabies
Parasitic infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabei.
Sclerotherapy
The removal of benign skin lesions with a sclerosing agent that causes inflammation with fibrosis of tissue.
Seborrheic dermatitis
Common and chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin that involves the scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, ear canals, nasolabial folds, axillae, and trunk. The cause is unknown.
Skin graft
Surgical method of detaching skin from a donor site and placing it in a recipient site, where it develops a new blood supply from the base of the wound.
Skin tags
Soft papules on a pedicle.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes.
Tinea capitis
A fungal infection of the scalp.
Tinea corporis
A fungal infection of the body.
Tinea cruris
A fungal infection of the groin.
Tinea pedis
A fungal infection of the toenails and feet.
Tinea versicolor
A fungal infection of the upper chest, back, and sometimes the arms.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
Rare, life-threatening disease in which the epidermis peels off the dermis in sheets, leaving large areas of denuded skin.
Warts (verrucae)
Lesions of the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Xeroderma
A chronic skin condition characterized by dry, rough skin.
Xerosis
Dry skin.