Adult Diarrhea In Cattle

Front 1

How is cattle feces different than ovine or caprine feces?

Back 1

Cattle feces are mostly water (only 3 loops in spiral colon - so less ability to extract water)

Front 2

What causes an osmotic diarrhea?

Back 2

Increased delivery of solutes to the LI.

Front 3

What is the pathophysiology of gastric maldigestive diarrhea?

Back 3

there is a disruption in the fermentation or acid digestion of the food, resulting in large, poorly digestible feed productions. This can result from poor feed, medications, anorexia, rumen acidosis, ulceration.

Front 4

What does the diarrhea look like in gastric maldigestion diarrhea?

Back 4

Rarely profuse, large pieces of undigested feed in feces.

Front 5

What can lead to a grain overload diarrhea?

Back 5

Those animals with a ruminal acidosis and increased D and L lactate --> D lactate to the LI --> osmotic pull (so D+ is seen 1-3 days post acute insult).

Front 6

How do you treat a grain over load diarrhea?

Back 6

Correct acid/base imbalance, e- imbalances and to put back on a healthy, fibrous diet

Front 7

Which disease can cause diarrhea via a vaccine failure or a novel strain?

Back 7

BVDV

Front 8

How is BVDV spread?

Back 8

Via respiratory

Front 9

What causes the biphasic fever seen with BVDV?

Back 9

Fever #1 - with viremia (moving into the WBC), Fever # 2 with tissue inflammation

Front 10

Where on the intestinal villus does BVDV attack?

Back 10

The rapidly dividing cells of the crypt

Front 11

What does the attack of the epithelial cells lead to?

Back 11

Peyer's patch necrosis, ulceration, panleukopenia (BM infiltration), necrosis of crypt cells.

Front 12

Where do you find lesions on BVDV?

Back 12

GIT from mouth to colon, nasal mucosa, ocular and oral mucosa, coronary band, +/- respiratory (more rare)

Front 13

What can BVDV cause in about 5% of the infected?

Back 13

A thrombocytopenia --> DIC

Front 14

When should you suspect BVDV?

Back 14

When there are multiple animals with a hemorrhagic diarrhea and a biphasic fever!

Front 15

How do you diagnose BVDV

Back 15

Dead animal - PCR/IFA/IHC

Survived? Titers (convalescent)

Blood (LTT) for looking at the BUFFY COAT (virus is in the WBC)

Front 16

how do we prevent BVDV?

Back 16

VAccinations! Killed virus (more potent) - for calves, heifers and beef steer. MLV for pregnant animals (need to booster frequently)

Front 17

Which BVDV vaccine is best for farms with a constant birthing? (Like dairies)

Back 17

the MLV vaccine.

Front 18

How does mucsoal disease develop with BVDV?

Back 18

From a PI animal -- either mutation in self disease, an introduced cytopathic strain or a vaccine (that may or may not be related to self disease). This is more of an acute presentation of a chronic disease

Front 19

What does dysentery mean?

Back 19

Bloody diarrhea

Front 20

Who is most at risk for developing winter dysentery?

Back 20

Adult cattle that are housed in tight quarters indoors

Front 21

How long does it take Winter dysentery to develop?

Back 21

2-8 days

Front 22

How many in a herd will get and how many will die from winter dysentery?

Back 22

It is a HIGH MORBIDITY and LOW mortality

Front 23

How is Winter dysentery spread

Back 23

Thought to be respiratory, may be fecal/oral.

Front 24

What is the biggest contributor (probably) to winter dysentery?

Back 24

Poor management (using the same truck to spread manure AND feed)

Front 25

What are the CxS of Winter Dysentery?

Back 25

a profuse, watery, HEMORRHAGIC diarrhea (+/- fever - rare), small to moderate drop in milk production, may have anorexia.

Front 26

What cells does the corona virus of Winter dysentery attack?

Back 26

Those cells at the villus tip - resulting in a CLUBBED, shortened villi.

Front 27

What sample do you need to collect to dx winter dysentery?

Back 27

FECES -- run ELISA, PCR, e- microscope. Can also check for AnG

Front 28

How does MCF cause diarrhea?

Back 28

because it causes a severe, widespread VASCULITIS, it affects most epithelial surfaces, including that in the GIT.

Front 29

What other lesions are present in MCF

Back 29

*Hematuria

*Corneal Edema, conjunctivitis

*Pyrexia

*Diarrhea

LYMPHADENOPATHY

Front 30

Can MCF be latent?

Back 30

YES

Front 31

What is toxic diarrhea?

Back 31

A diarrhea that is associated with a suspected endotoxemia (mastitis, coliform infection, metritis, gram - infections in a site beyond the GIT)

Front 32

What disease can you confuse endotoxic diarrhea with?

Back 32

Salamonellosis

Front 33

What is different about endotoxemia diarrhea and salmonella?

Back 33

The D+ in endotoxemia is generally less severe, usually also see other signs of endotoxemia - fever, tachycardia, poor CRT, injected mob, tachypnea.

Front 34

How do you diagnose endotoxic diarrhea?

Back 34

Find the suspect infection

Front 35

What if you do not find a causative infection for the endotoxic diarrhea?

Back 35

You will treat as if it is a salmonellosis.

Front 36

What is so damn bad about arsenic?

Back 36

It is not able to be broken down further (so it will always be it's dangerous self)-- can be shed in milk - so goes to calves and humans that may be drinking that milk.

Front 37

What are sources of arsenic?

Back 37

Wood preservatives, medicines, industrial products, lead things.

Front 38

What causes the damage with arsenic toxicities?

Back 38

*Direct surface irritant

*inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation

*Binds cysteine -- affecting METABOLICALLY active cells -- crypt cells, liver, renal.

Front 39

Where are the lesions in arsenic?

Back 39

Gut, liver, kidney. -- Necrosis, fat deposition

Front 40

What are the CxS of arsenic?

Back 40

colic, vomition, rumen atony --> bloat. Can have a fetid (due to blood) diarrhea (watery, hemorrhagic) + ulceration. Ulceration leads to GI perf and DEATH

Liver: seizures, obtundation, coma, icterus

REnal: nonspecific

Front 41

Why is dx arsenic so hard?

Back 41

B/c it leaves the body FAST -- so if you are just off by a few days, it won't be there anymore.

Front 42

How can you tx arsenic?

Back 42

dBAL - British anti-Lewisite - 4-5mg/kg IM, then 1-3 mg/kg q4h for 24 hours - cost prohibitive!!!

Front 43

So what do you really do for arsenic poisoning?

Back 43

Supportive treatment - gastric lavage, binding compds.

Front 44

What must you do w/ the milk from a suspected arsenic animal?

Back 44

Discard it!! Also pull calf from cow~

Front 45

What is the key for arsenic

Back 45

Prevention!!!