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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When was development believed to have ended by in the past?
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-Emerging Adulthood
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Is there such a thing as development in adulthood and older age?
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-Yes
-Later phase: changes in size are slow but abilities continue to develop as people adapt to environment |
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What is the lifespan developmental perspective?
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-Divides human development into two phases: Early & Late phase
-Development is lifelong |
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What are the 4 key elements of the lifespan developmental perspective? Describe each of them.
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1) Multidirectional: development involves growth and decline
2) Plasticity: One's capacity is not predetermined 3) Multiple Causation: How people develop is influenced by sociocultural, biological and psychological forces 4) Historical Context: Each develops in particular time in history with diff circumstances |
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What is happening to the age distribution of the population and why? Is the US alone in this change?
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-The aging adult population is growing throughout the world due to: Better health care, baby boomers, access to resources.
-This is a worldwide change happening |
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What are some of the a) concerns and b) positive repercussions of having an aging population?
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Concerns: Health care, too many open jobs on the market, caregiver needs, environmental impacts
Positive: Baby boomers dont intend to age as their parents did, help public institutions (pay taxes, consumers, voters), less crime in communities, family and friends help (practical,emotional and financial help) |
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What does the developmental perspective say about where we learn aging stereotypes?
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-Originates in early childhood and reinforced in adulthood
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What are two reasons why aging stereotypes might exist in our society?
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Fear of aging:
-fear of loss -lack of knowledge |
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Who has stereotypes about aging?
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Everyone has it regardless of age
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What is unique about the aging stereotype?
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Stereotypers become stereotyped
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How does the aging stereotype change as we grow older?
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Stereotypes become richer and more positive with age
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Describe how the behavior of others (i.e., those who are not old) is affected by the aging stereotype
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-Attributions (memory failure)
-Elderspeak -Perceived cognitive and hearing impairments |
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What is elderspeak/ Patronizing Talk? Who does it and why?
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-Unintentional speech similar to baby talk
-Demeaning -Everyone who isnt old does it |
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How can the aging stereotype affect the behavior of older adults?
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-Implicit activation of the stereotypes results in negative outcomes with behavior
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How do our attitudes about aging affect our own aging process?
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-Stereotype threat: self perceptions of aging
-Implicit Stereotyping: worse outcomes in long-run |
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What are two things that can be done to improve attitudes towards aging?
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-Have more interraction with older population
-Education |
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Age-based Double Standard
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-When someone attributes an older persons memory loss as more serious than a younger person's
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Stereotype Threat
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-Evoked fear of being judged based on group you belong to
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List and define the four forces that shape development.
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1) Biological: genetics/health
2) Psych: personality, cognitive, emotional 3) Sociocultural: societal, cultural factors 4) Lifecycle: at what point in life do first 3 occur? |
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List and define the four considerations critical to researching a developmental trait or ability.
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1) Genetic vs Enviro Cause
2) Stable vs Change 3) Continuous vs Discontinuous 4) Universal vs Context Specific |
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List and define three different layers or influences on development. What are some examples of each?
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1) Normative Age-Graded Influences: events that occur for majority of people at same time (puberty, meno, etc) *STAGE OF LIFE
2) Normative History Graded Influence: events that are experienced by specific cohort (social media) *COHORT 3) Non-Normative Influences: Random, rare events specific to single person *RARE EVENTS |
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What are the three types of aging in adulthood?
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1) Primary: normal disease-free develop in adulthood
2) Secondary: diseases, detrimental lifestyles 3) Tertiary: rapid loss of physical and cognitive functioning just before death |
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What are the various ways we can define age? Provide examples of each. What is typically used? Do the various ways always match one another?
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1) Chronological age: calendar age (not valuable)
2) Biological age: physiological age (how healthy shows age) 3) Psychological age: how we deal with enviro. (maturity) 4) Social/Sociocultural age: social roles and expectations (style, language used, etc.) 5) Perceived age: personal impretion |
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Define and contrast experimental research and correlational research. What type of conclusion can we make from each research design?
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Experimental: -Manipulate independent variable
-Random assignment to groups Correlational: -Examines association btw multiple variables -sample= representative of pop. *E=Causal C=Observational |
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What is a cohort effect? What is a selection effect?
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Cohort= people born at same time have similar experiences
Selection= research demographics effect outcomes |
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What is a cross-sectional research design, and what are some of the pros and cons associated with it?
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Cross-sectional research design= -Observed at one point in time
Pros: Can examine age differences, and its descriptive Cons: -sample bias @ selection, cohort effects, cant establish causality |
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What is a longitudinal research design, and what are some of the pros and cons associated with it?
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Longitudinal: Measuring same person over time
Pros: -can study developmental changes, establish disease risk factors Cons: -expensive/ time consuming, lose people over time (selective attrition), not generalizable, cant change limitations of study over time |
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What can we assess in a longitudinal study that cannot be assessed in a correlational study?
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Can identify changes rather than infer them
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What is selective attrition and what tends to occur in a longitudinal study of older adults?
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-When participants drop out of the study over time
-Only people with poor health tend to drop out therefor the outcomes are no longer generalizable |
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What is a ceiling effect, and what is a floor effect?
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ceiling: everyone in study did really well
floor: everyone did poor with measure |
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What is a practice effect and why is this important to account for when studying aging?
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People tend to do better with a study if they've done it before and begin to learn tricks
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Considering the factors of generalizability, recruitment, selective attrition, and the cause of change over time, what are the pros and cons of having a sample with various diseases or a sample without any type of disease when investigating normal aging?
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W/ disease: Not generalizable, dont volunteer, drop out more
W/O disease: not generalizable, volunteer more, dont drop out as much |
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What is a sequential research design? What is the benefit of this type of design?
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Combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional
Study many groups of people within area of interest over long period of time -Can address both age and cohort effects |
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What is a special ethical consideration when conducting research with older adults?
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Informed consent: loss of ability to consent over time
Minimize risks Describe research Avoid deception Results should be annonymous |
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Meta-Analysis
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-allows researchers to synthesize results of many studies to estimate relations btw variables
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What is unique about adult development compared to other developmental time periods?
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-Universal norms dont apply
-More unknowns/ factors in dev. -Grow more different from others with age -Discuss general changes |
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Explain the free radical theory of physical aging. What factors cause the production of free radicals?
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-Free radicals induce the aging process
-Normal biproduct of metabolism, chemical reactions w/ other molecules, repair decreases with age, sunlight, food preservatives, radiation |
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What are antioxidants and what are some examples of them?
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Protect and repair oxidative damage
-blueberries, strawberries, etc |
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Explain the theory regarding cell division. What is changing as we age?
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Hayflick limit: limit to how many times a cell can divide
-experience primary aging as limit neared -telomere length shortens with cell division |
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Explain the theory of programmed cell death. What is the evidence for this theory?
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-Cells have ability to self-destruct and can trigger death in other cells
-Evidence= many diseases have a genetic component |
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Explain the metabolic theory of physical aging. What is the evidence for caloric restriction? What are two reasons why caloric restriction is controversial?
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Byproducts of metabolism lead to aging
-The fewer calories you intake, the less waste, therefor slower aging -Not intaking sufficient calories for functional human -It hasnt been proven to slow aging process |
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Which theory best explains physical aging?
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It is inevitable/ unchanging process. Aging is not fixed
-can be experimentally studied |
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What happens to our bones with age? What is osteoporosis?
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-Our bones become less dense, brittle
-Effect is greater on women (estrogen absorbs calcium) -Osteoporosis= severe loss of bone mass |
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Which senses show the greatest changes with older age?
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Hearing and Vision
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What are the physical changes that occur in the cornea and lens of the eye? How do these changes influence visual ability?
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C= increases in curvature, thickness and loses luster
L= Flatter, cilary muscles become stiffer, Presbyopia, Distance Accommodation, Yellowing, cant distinguish colors, thicker, difficulty with low light |
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What is presbyopia? How do adults adjust to this change?
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Point of clearest vision is farther from the eye
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What changes occur to vision perception with older age?
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Slower adaptation from light to dark
Peripherals decrease Visual acuity decreases (deciphering moving objects) Sensitive to glare |
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Define a) cataracts, b) glaucoma, and c) macular degeneration. How does each affect vision? Can each be treated?
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C= -lens cloud, need laser surgery, leading cause of blindness, UV exposure is a risk, cataract is a clumping protein
G= -abnormal rise in pressure, damages optic nerve, difficult to detect. Treated with eye drops M= -damage to macula area on retina (where cones and rods are packed, cant see straight ahead, no cure, can implant telescope on eye |
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How might an older adult experiencing normal changes to their vision change their behavior when a) reading a book, and b) going out for dinner?
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-might need bifocals, memorize menus, go during day time to well-lit places
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What is prebycusis, and who tends to experience this more?
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Deficit in hearing high pitched tones
-men experience more |
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What is tinnitus, and what is it caused by?
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Ringing in ears
damage of hair receptors from environment |
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Does the sense of smell change with age? What tends to occur to the sense of taste?
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Yes, cell loss in nerve endings in nose, senseof smell diminishes
Lower rate of replacing taste buds, decline in sweet sour bitter salty, tend to over salt and sweeten |
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How does the skin change with age? What are the resulting changes in touch perception?
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Dermis= elastin and collagen deteriorate
-dryer, thinner, less elastic -reduced feeling of touch sensations -change in temperature sensitivity |
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Why is the risk of falling greater with older age? What physical changes have occurred?
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-Difficulty maintaining balance
-Decreased lower body strength (proprioception) -Slower reaction time -Falling is most frequent accident |
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Why can a fall have a severe outcome in older adulthood?
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-Leading cause of death in older adults
-Physical changes -First chain of events of declining ability |
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Describe a common chain of events that can occur after an adult has a fall.
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Fall, break bones, be in a wheel chair, reduced independence, depression, give up will to live, death
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What is the UFOV? How is UFOV linked to age and crash risk?
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-Useful field of view: extent of visual field available in a brief glance
-Largest reduction in UFOV= more crashes for the age group |
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What is the best predictor of driving ability in older adulthood?
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UFOV, not visual acuity tests
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Describe changes to the a) cardiovascular system, and b) respiratory system with age.
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A) -heart muscle begins to change to connective tissue from muscle tissue
-arteries stiffen, walls thicken and calcify -Atherosclorosis B) -challenged in altitude -Rib cage and air passageways stiffen -Lungs change from pink to gray |
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What is atherosclerosis? Is it normal to develop hypertension?
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Build up of fat, cholesterol (plaque) in arteries
-restricts blood flow, heart and brain -leads to heart attack and stroke Hypertension= high severe blood pressure, 30% of pop above 20yrs have it |
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How does the ability to control one’s body temperature change with age?
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Less able to control body temperature, dont sweat as much
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What is menopause and when is it experienced? What are some common symptoms?
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Cessation of menstruation at around 51 yrs
-Hot flashes, night sweats, etc |
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What is hormone replacement therapy intended to do, and why it is controversial?
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Relieves symptoms of menopause, bone fractures and colon cancer
-it increases other cancers, heart disease and stroke, cons outweigh pros |
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What happens to the immune system with age? How do these changes affect a) the risk of catching infections, b) building up immunity, and c) disease complications?
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B Cells: abnormalities occur with age (bone marrow)
T Cells: reduced ability to fight new infection (thymus gland) -more susceptible to infections, cancer -longer to build up immunity -serious illnesses more likely to cause death |
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Define acute versus chronic disease. What are some examples of each? What is the prevalence of these amongst older adults?
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Acute: rapid change in health (cold, flu) Not very prevalent with older aduls
Chronic: lasts longer (artheritis, cancer, diabetes) High prevalence |
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List and describe normal physical changes that occur in the brain. How are these changes different from those caused by disease?
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-Decrease in neurotransmitters
-Neurofibrillary tangles/ Amyloid plaques -Brain attrophy ( brain volume decreases, prefrontal cortex declines, sensory cortices less vulnerable, compensation possible) -Neural death *Normal changes look similar to those caused by disease |
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Which parts of the brain show the greatest decrease in volume with older age?
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Prefrontal cortex
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What is bilateral activation and which group does this occur for?
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Activate both sides of the brain in older adults
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Describe one study demonstrating brain compensation.
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Different pattern of brain activation with age
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Describe one study demonstrating brain plasticity.
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Juggling study
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Which factors are a) positively, and b) negatively associated with normal brain changes?
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Neg: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stress, anxiety, depression (cortisol)
Pos: physical exercise, juggling |
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What is neurogenesis? Can this still occur in older adulthood?
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Growth of new neurons in adulthood
Yes |
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Hippocampus
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Memory
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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assess rate and direction that water diffuses through white matter
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Dopaminergic System
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higher-level cognitive functioning (attention and plannning)
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Functional imaging
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examines how changes in brain activity occur with task demands
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Under- recruitment
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reduced brain activation
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Default Network
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regions of the brain that are most active at rest
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Amygdala
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Emotional processing
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Method of loci
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mnemonic strategies to improve memory
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Congestive Heart Failure
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heart enlarges and body swells
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Myocardial Infarction
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Heart attack
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Cerebrovascular accident
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Stroke
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Emphysema
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destruction of membranes around air sacs in lungs
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Parkinsons Disease
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loss of dopamine-producing neurons characterized by: tremors, difficulty with balance
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Autoimmunity
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Immune system begins to attack body
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Incontinence
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Cant control urine. feces
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