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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality states
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short term characteristics of a person e.g. you might be outgoing, but after an argument a short term trait might be being withdrawn
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the big 5 factors of personality
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O.C.E.A.N
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differential continuity
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the stability of individuals rank order within a group overtime
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mean level change
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the changes in a groups average scores over time
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intra-individual variability
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finding out whether the personality traits of an individual remain stable over the years of change. this is done by giving personality tests to individuals at several points in time
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personality traits in relationships:
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personality affects development of intimate relationships. neuroticism and agreeableness are strong predictors of a relationship out come
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personality traits in job achievement
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conscientiousness most important predictor of work related markers of achievement
personality traits what we get from better at high level jobs |
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personality in health
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personality affects health and longevity, which can help buffer stress related diseases
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continuity and change: genitics
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genes determine our personalities by 40-60%, and the 5 major factors are affected by genetics
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continuity and change: environmental
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more prominent in adulthood e.g. leaving home, starting careers, becoming parents
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continuity and change: evolutionary
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the structure of personality has genetic components which have probably evolved over generations with other human traits
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Erickson: Young Adulthood:
20-40 |
Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Important Events: Relationships Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. |
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Erikson: Middle Adulthood: 40-65
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Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Important Events: Work and Parenthood Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. |
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Erikson: Mature Adulthood:
65-death |
Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Important Events: Reflection on Life Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair. |
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Loevinger Ego Stage:
impulsive |
occurs in sm. children; aware of oneself as separate beings; bodily feelings
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Loevinger Ego Stage:
self protective |
opportunistic manipulative; aware of impulses; self protective in childhood-exploitation in adulthood.
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Loevinger Ego Stage:
conformist stage |
able to identify w. reference group: family, peers, work
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Loevinger Ego Stage:
self aware stage |
awareness that people dont always live up to expectations
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Loevinger Ego Stage:
conscientious stage |
formed ideas and standards instead of seeking approval
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Loevinger Ego Stage:
individualistic stage |
taking a broad view on life as a whole; developement
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Loevinger Ego Stage:
autonomous stage |
multi-view of world beyond; life is complex, no simple answers
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Valliant's 6 levels of defense theory
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the ways adults adapt psychologically to tribulation
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Erickson's stages of Psychosocial Development
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gradual development over life span
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Valliant Defense Mech:
high adaptive level |
altruism- participation
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Valliant Defense Mech:
mental inhibition level |
repression- expelling thoughts from conscious
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Valliant Defense Mech:
minor image distorting level |
omnipotence- thinking one has unlimited power, and sources
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Valliant Defense Mech:
disavowal level |
denial- refusing to acknowledge
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Valliant Defense Mech:
major image distorting |
autistic fantasy- daydreaming
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Valliant Defense Mech:
action level |
help rejecting complaining- complaining then rejecting offers of help and advice
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David Guttman
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adult gender differences in personality begin when men and women accentuate gender characteristics and suppress opposite gender to attract mates in order to reproduce
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gender crossover
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after parenting, gender roles that were suppressed are able to relax and 'other gender' characteristics emerge
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Maslow: peak experience
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(self actualized people)
feelings of perfection and momentary separation from self when one feels in unity with universe |
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Maslow: H. of Needs
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deficiency + being motives
self actualization self esteem love and belongingness safety and security physiological needs |
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personality trait structure can be stable (differential continuity) or change (mean level change)
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stress
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physical cognitive and emotional responses that human display in reaction to demands from the enviornemnt
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stressors
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demands that cause stress
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Hans Seyle: General Adaption Syndrome
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Alarm
Resistance Exhaustion |
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response oriented view point
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focusing on the physiological reactions within and individuals exposure to stressors
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life change events:
death, pregnancy, vacation |
Holmes + Rahe -
events that alter individuals life, when accumulated can leas to stress |
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stimulus oriented view point
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Holmes + Rahe -
focused on the events themselves, the stimulus and reactions |
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stress related growth
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the positive changes that follow the experiences of stressor events
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coping with stress-
resistance resources |
personal and social resources to buffer stress
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coping behaviors-
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all purpose term that refers to anything you might think, feel, and do to reduce stress
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problem focused coping
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directly addressing problem
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emotion focused coping
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remove negative emotions associated with stress e.g. running, booze
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meaning focused coping
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ways people find to manage meaning of a stressful situation
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proactive coping
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ways people cope to prevent it from happening again
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coping flexability
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ability to use a variety of coping skills
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goodness of fit
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matching appropriate coping skill with situation
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religious coping
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relying on religious or spiritual beliefs to reduce stress
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social support
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aid reduced by others
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buffering effect in social support
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adequate social support wont keep stressors away but will protect from harm they do
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active coping in social support
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social support helps define source of stressors and plan a solution
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4 negative effects in social networks
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no give and take
involves anger support received as criticism over a long time, resentment |
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optimism coping
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[ breast cancer study ]
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hardiness
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construct that people are committed to finding meaning in life, and all experiences bring growth and knowledge
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positive emotion
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people that respond to averse events with positive emotion have better adjustments
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early studies show relationships between # and intensity of stressors and health outcomes
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4 meanings of death
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death as an organizer of time
death as punishment death as transition death as loss |
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death anxiety- age
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middle aged adults + mid religious people show greatest fear of death
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death anxiety- religiosity
( degree of spiritual belief ) |
no direct relationship.
Hi: relig. belief in afterlife Lo: relig. dosent believe at all |
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2 parts of religiosity
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extrinsic: use religion for social purposes to do good
intristic: lifes meaning is found through religion. ex= high level of anxiety |
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death anxiety- gender
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women higher than men
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death anxiety- personality traits
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Hi: self esteem serves as buffer to death anxiety
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ways to accept death
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reminiscence, living wills, farewells
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Hospice Care
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care focus or pain relief, emotional support, spiritual comforting
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5 Hospice Approach
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death is normal
patient + family need to prepare family should be involved family controls patient care pain not life prolonging measures |
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3 key issues about dying
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the dying have unfinished needs
we need to listen and care for the needs we learn from death how to live |
