Adugeo103 Crustal Deformations And Mountain Building

Front 1

It is general term that refers to all changes in the original shape, size, volume, or orientation of a rock body.

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Deformation

Front 2

Describe the forces that deform rocks.

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Stress

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Strsss that pulls apart or elongates a rock body.

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Tensional Stress

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Arises from the force vector component parallel to the cross section of the material.

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Shear stress

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Deformation that is recoverable

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Elastic deformation

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The rock will return to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed.

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Elastic deformation

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During this deformation the chem bonds of the minerals within a rock are stretched but do not break

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Elastic deformation

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A type of solid state flow that produces a change in the shape of an object w/o fracturing.

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Ductile deformation

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Occurs when stress causes the chem bonds that hold a material together to break.

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Brittle deformation

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This occurs when the elastic limit of a rock is surpassed.

Rocks breaj into smaller pieces

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Brittle Deformation

Front 11

What are the factors affecting the strength of the rock.

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Temperature

Confining pressure

Rock type

Time

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As temp increases the materials becomes more ___

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Ductile

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As temp decreases the material becomes _____

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Brittle

Front 14

Rocks that are deeply buried are "Held together" by the immense pressure and tend to flow, rather than fracture.

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Confining pressure

Front 15

What rocks that are most likely to behave in a ductile manner when subjected to differential stress?

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Rock, salt, shale, limestone, and schist

Front 16

What kind of rock that are trnd to be strong and brittle

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Igneous and Metamorphic

Front 17

In a near surfsce environment, what happens to strong brittle rocks?

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Brittle rocks will fail by fracturing when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength.

Front 18

What happens wheb tectonic forces are applied slowly over long tine spans?

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Rocks tend to display ductile behavior and deform by flowing and folding.

Front 19

The result of compressional stresses that results in a shortening and thickening of the crust.

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Fold

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Arise by upfolding or arching of sedimentary layers and are sometimes spectacullarly displayed along highways that have been cut through deformed strata.

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Anticlines

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A tough or fold of stratified rock in w/c the strata slope upward from the axis.

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Synclines

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When the limbs are mirror images of each other

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Symmetrical folds

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When they are no limbs

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Asymmetrical folds

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If one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical.

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Overturned folds

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Has an essentially horizontal axial plane.

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Recumbent folds

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When the two limbs of a fold sre essentially larallel to each other and thus approxinately parallel to the axial plane.

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Isoclinal folds

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Are large, step-like folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata.

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Monocline

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These folds appear to be thr result of the reactivatiob of ancient, steep, dipping faults located in vasement rocks beneatg the plateau

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Monocline

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Any large or elleptical structure formed by the fractureless upwarping of rock strata.

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Domes

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It is a type of antickine that lacks clear-out elongation and that slopes outward in all directions from the highest point.

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Domes

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Is a depression or dip ib the Earths Surface

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Basin

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These are straight or curving surfaces of rupture directly associated w/ the fornation of a rock or later superimposed upon it.

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Fractures

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Has no prominent or observable movement

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Joint

Front 34

With appreciable and observable movement

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Fault

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Fractures in the crust along w/c appreciable displacement has taken place.

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Faults

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Faults in w/c movement is primarily parallel to the dip

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Dip-slip faults

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The rock surface that is immediately above the fault

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Hanging wall block

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Rock surface that is below the fault

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Footwall block

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The hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block

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Normal Fault

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a long low cliffs produced due to vertical displacement along dip-slip

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Fault scarp

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Uplifted fault block

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Horst

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Down dropped blocks

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Graben

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Tilted fault blocks

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Half-Graben

Front 44

Are dip slip faults which the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block

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Reverse fault

Front 45

Are reverse faults having dips less than 45° so the overlying block moves nearly horizontally over the underlying block

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Thrust fault

Front 46

A fault in which the dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the trend or strike of the fault surface

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Strike-slip fault

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When the right fault block moves towards you as you face the fault line.

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Dextral Fault

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When the left fault block moves towards you as you face the fault line.

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Sinitral Fault

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Occurs between Two major plate boundaries

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Transform fault

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Occurs within the plates

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Transcurrent fault

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The science concerned in studyig of mountain building

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Orogeny

Front 52

The process that collectively produce a mountain belt.

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Orogenesis

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Most major mountain belts display striking visual evidence of great horizontal forces that have shortened and thickened the crust.

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Orogenesis

Front 54

Refer to these accreted crustal blocks

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Terrane

Front 55

How terrane forms?

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Accretion and Orogenesis

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How does Himalayas, Appalachians, Urals and Alps mountain belts formed?

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Closure of major ocean basins

Front 57

These mountain belts are formed by shortened and thickened crust achieved through folding and faulting

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Continental Collision

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The amount of crustal thickness of mountain ranges

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70 km

Front 59

The mountain building of himalayas began at what date?

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50 Ma

Front 60

What places that collided in the Himalayas

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India and Asia

Front 61

Places that collided in Appalachans

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Margins of North Am from Alabama to New found land

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450 Ma to 500 Ma. The marginal sea between the crustal fragment and North America and began to close

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Taconic Orogeny

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This provide a great scenic beauty near the eastern margin of North America from Alabama to Newfoundland

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Appalachians

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The continue closing of the ancestral North atlantic resulted in the collision of the developing island arc with North America

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Acadian Orogeny

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These mountain belts form in compressional environments as evidenced by the predominance of large thrust faults and folded strata.

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Fault block mountains

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The concept of a floating crust in gravitational balance

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Isostasy

Front 67

The process of establishing a new level of gravitational equlibrium.

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Isostatic Adjustment

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The mountain building episode that created these mountain belts began roughly 50 Ma when India began to collide with Asia

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Himalayas

Front 69

Most major mountain belts are generated when one or more bouyant crustal fragments collide with a continental margin as a result of subduction

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Collisional Mountain Belt

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Stress that squeezes and shortens a rock mass

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Conpressional Stress