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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Damage to brain tissue caused by an external mechanical force with resultant loss of consciousness, post-traumatic amnesia, skull fracture, or objective neurological finding that can be attributed to the traumatic event on the basis of radiological findings or physical or mental status examination
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TBI
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• Most common cause of death and disability in young people. More than 50,000 Americans die every yr as the result of TBI and more than 80,000 incur severe neurological disability
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TBI
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Children < 5 years of age
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Falls, MVA, Adults inflicting violence
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Children >= 5 and <= 15 years of age
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Bicycles, Skateboards, Horses, Pedestrian accidents, Sports
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> 15 and <= 40 years of age
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High speed MVA and motorcycle crashes are the most common cause
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> 40 years of age
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Violence related injuries, MVA
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Sex more likely to get brain injury
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males
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More than 50% of people are doing this when there TBI
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consuming alcohol
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Types of damage
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diffuse
focal |
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Widespread, may cause axonal injury, closed head injury usually, can lead to coma
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diffuse
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Damage occurs at a specific area in the brain, can be identified on a CT Scan or MRI, Contusions, lacerations, intracranial hematomas
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focal
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• Used to assess level of consciousness following TBI
GCS is an effective predictor of acute TBI status, not an effective predictor of long term TBI outcomes |
Glascow Coma Scale
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Glascow Coma Scale
Eye Opening Response |
• Spontaneous--open with blinking at baseline 4 points
• To verbal stimuli, command, speech 3 points • To pain only (not applied to face) 2 points • No response 1 point |
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Glascow Coma Scale
Eye Opening Response Spontaneous--open with blinking at baseline |
Spontaneous--open with blinking at baseline 4 points
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Glascow Coma Scale
Eye Opening Response To verbal stimuli, command, speech |
To verbal stimuli, command, speech 3 points
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Glascow Coma Scale
Eye Opening Response To pain only (not applied to face) \ |
To pain only (not applied to face) 2 points
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Glascow Coma Scale
Eye Opening Response No response |
• No response 1 point
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Glascow Coma Scale
Verbal Response Oriented |
Oriented 5 points
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Glascow Coma Scale
Verbal Response Confused conversation, but able to answer questions |
Confused conversation, but able to answer questions 4 points
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Glascow Coma Scale
Verbal Response Inappropriate words |
Inappropriate words 3 points
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Glascow Coma Scale
Verbal Response Incomprehensible speech |
Incomprehensible speech 2 points
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Glascow Coma Scale
Verbal Response No response |
No response 1 point
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GCS less than 8
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severe
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GCS btw 9-12
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moderate
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GCS 13-15
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mild
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Best Motor Response
Obeys commands for movement |
6
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Best Motor Response
Purposeful movement to painful stimulus |
5
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Best Motor Response
Withdraws in response to pain |
4
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Best Motor Response
Flexion in response to pain (decorticate posturing) |
3
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Best Motor Response
Extension response to pain (decerebrate posturing) |
2
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Best Motor Response
No response |
1
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swelling or mass of blood confined to tissue or space and caused by a break in a blood vessel
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hematoma
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increase in pressure of cerebrospinal fluid which fills the entire subarachnoid space, acts as a protective liquid cushion around the brain and spinal cord by absorbing shock waves from blows and falls
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intracranial pressure (icp)
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period of hours, weeks, days or months after the injury one exhibits a loss of day to day mememory
cant store new info |
Post-traumatic amnesia
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dizziness
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could be caused by:
hypertension hypotension medication effects alcohol/drug use visual dysfunction medical conditions |
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Most common cause of dizziness post-mild TBI is ____________.
AKA __________ |
post trauma vestibular system dysfunction
or benign positional vertigo |
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Inner ear membranous labyrinth causes dizziness with ringing in the ears (tinnitus), a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear, and low-frequency hearing loss (Meniere's disease)
Tx restrict dietary salt, use diuretics |
edema
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hole in round or oval inner ear windo with leakage of fluids
causes: vertigo nausea tinnitus heariing |
perilymphatic fistula
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sensation of dizziness related to musculoskeletal neck injury from whiplash, PT
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cervical vertigo
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pain in neck, back, etc. acceleration/deceleration injury involving hyperflexion/hyperextension (whiplash) of the cervical spine (neck), wks or months if not treated quickly
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musculoskeletal complaints
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most common pain syndrom post MTBI
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post-traumatic headaches
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occur within 14 days of MTBI, origninates from structures external to the brain/skull (i.e. muscles, ligaments attached to brain skull spine)
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post-traumatic headaches
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unreasonable fear of pain or re-injury upon movement
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kinesophobia
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dull aching pain
chronic or episodic Emotional tension & stress contribute Tx physical therapy&relaxation |
tension headaches
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may have a genetic predisposition triggered by MTBI, majority are reduced with meds
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post traumatic migraine headaches
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originate from stretched or torn ligament structures of the jaw joint mastoid and emporalis muscles are typicallay tender & painful wich clicking or popping sounds when opened
tx-dentist, PT |
TMJ Syndrome
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