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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two factors are the stimulants for cortisol production and secretion?
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1. ACTH
2. Stress |
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CRH is produced from ....
It acts on what type of cells and where? The activation of these cells stimulates the production of ... |
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary, corticotrophes 3. Proopiomalanocropin (POMC) |
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POMC is cleaved and produces 4 molecules:
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1. adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
2. Malanocyte stimulating hormone 3.lipotropin 4. beta-endorphin |
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What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex and what do they produce:
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1. zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids ex. aldosterone
2. zona fasiculata - glucocorticoids ex. cortisol 3. zone reticularis - sex steroids (weak androgens) ex. androsterdone, dihydroepiandro steriod (EHEA), ADES |
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What is made on demand and which is stored?
Cholesterol and derivatives of cholesterol (hormone) |
Cholesterol is stored
Derivatives of cholesterol (hormones) are produced on demand |
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Pathway of synthesis of steroids?
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Cholesterol -> pregnenolone -> depending on enzymes in tissue the following products will occur:
ZG - aldosterone, ZF - glucocorticoids, ZR - androgens |
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Which hormone is more predominantly bound and to what?
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Cortisol, mostly to cortisol-binding protein, and less to albumin
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Where are steroids mostly metabolized?
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Liver
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The outer cortex is sensitive to K+, a ____ level of K+ will promote the secretion of ____?
What else promotes this, and what type of receptor does this use? To a lesser extent, what also promotes this? |
Increased level of K+ will promote the secretion of aldosterone
ANG II, G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) ACTH |
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What three factors will turn off secretion of aldosterone?
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Atrial naturetic factor (ANP or ANF), high Na+, low K+
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Mineralocorticoid Rc are what type of receptors?
What else can bind to this specific receptor? These receptors sit in front of genes important for .... and name 4 genes important for .... |
Nuclear Rc,
Cortisol Electrolytes, Salivary glands, Sweat glands, gut, and kidney |
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In tissues where mineralocorticoid response is evident, ..... is converted to ....., which does not bind to the minderalocorticoid Rc.
What enzyme converts? |
Cortisol is converted to cortisone
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase |
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In the kidney, aldosterone-Rc interaction increases expression of...
Increase in Na would ... and a decrease in Na would .... Aldosterone production is stimulated by .... levels of K+, aldosterone alleviates this problem by..... |
Na pumps
Increase in Na would turn off aldosterone and decrease in Na would turn on Aldosterone production is simulated by high levels of K, so it promotes peeing it out. |
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A lack of aldosterone would cause....
A disease state that this occurs in is known as... In this state what 3 things happen: |
blood volume would decrease
Addison's disease Hyperkalemia, Cardiac arrhythmias (weak cardiac contractions), and low blood volume |
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Too much aldosterone would cause ....
which could result form a.... Also too much aldosterone could develop alkalosis, how? |
Hypokalemia and an increase in blood pressure.
Could result from a tumor Promotes H+ ion exchange for Na+, which pushes H into the urine and Na into the body. |
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Stress promotes .... by ....
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Cortisol production by inhibiting the negative feedback of cortisol.
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What stimulates secretion and synthesis of glucocorticoids?
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Stress, ADH by stimulating and increasing CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)
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Inner zone of cortex expresses ...
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ACTH Rc (GPCR, Gs)
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ACTH stimulates ... but also is a...
Too much could cause .... and too little could cause.... |
stimulates cortisol but also is a growth factor.
Too much can cause adrenal hyperplasia and too little can cause inner cortex atrophies |
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Glucocorticoids binds to GCRc complex and ..... and binds to the GC response element, activating...
Stimulation can activate or repress? |
dimerizes, gene expression
both |
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Glucocorticoids in liver does what 6 things:
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1. Increase glycogen synthesis
2. Increase glyconeogenesis 3. Release insulin 4. increase protein synthesis 5. increase urea cycle 6. increase lipolysis |
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Glucocorticoids and striated muscle does what 3 things?
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1. decrease in protein synthesis
2. increase in protein degradation 3. Decrease the sensitivity of the muscle to glucose uptake, insulin resistance (diabetogenic, GH does this as well) |
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Glucocorticoids and adipose tissue does what 2 things?
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Stimulates lipolysis which exports free FAs, this is in concert with catecholamines
Decrease protein synthesis in adipose tissue. Net effect = redistribution of fat tissue mostly to abdomen. |
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Glucocorticoids and bone does what 3 things?
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GCs also decrease Ca uptake from gut and increase Ca excretion in kidney = net loss of Ca
As blood Ca decreases, PTH is released and signals bone resorption (release Ca from bone) Inhibits the action of calcitonin (hormone used for storing Ca) Net effect = osteoporosis |
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Glucocorticoids and the CNS does what 5 things?
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Wide range:
1. Euphoria 2. Restlessness 3. Anxiety 4. Insomnia 5. Psychoses |
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Glucocorticoids and blood cells:
RBCs WBCs |
RBCs - minimal effect because lack a nucleus
WBCs - profound effects Rapid loss of lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes from periphery, and go into tissue increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (early release from bone marrow) |
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Glucocorticoids and inflammation:
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decrease recognition and attachment proteins that anchor leukocytes to the site of the offense.
Inhibit cytokines and expression of adhesion molecules suppress production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by decrease activity of phopholipase A2 |
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Cushing's syndrome is cause by excess....
Characteristics 7 Will have small or large adrenal gland and why? |
excess glucocorticoid secretion
1. fat redistribution 2. peripheral muscle wasting 3. skin thinning 4. increased bruising 5. hypertension 6. bone loss 7. increased susceptibility to infection Small because depriving adrenal glands of ACTH, which cortisol suppresses ACTH, ACTH is a growth factor for adrenal gland |
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Primary adrenal insufficiency is loss of ability to make either....
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mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoids
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Addison's disease is the destruction of ....
which does what 3 things: |
Adrenal cortex
1. Increase ACTH 2. Deficiency in mineralocorticoid (decrease in blood volume) 3. Glucocorticoid deficiency Increase in CRH will produce more malanocytes making patient tanner |
