Adolescent Psychology Ch. 5 Peer Groups

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Peer Groups

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groups of Individuals of approximately the same age

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age grading

Back 2

the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age

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baby boom

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the period of following WWII, during which the number of infants born extremely large

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particularistic norms

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guidelines for behavior that vary from one individual to another, more commonly found in less industrialized societies.

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universalistic norms

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guidelines for behavior that apply to all members of a community; more common in industrialized societies

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cliques

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small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally the same sex and age

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sex cleavage

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the separation of boys and girls into different cliques, common during late childhood and early adolescence

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crowds

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large loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity

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participant observation

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a research technique in which the researcher infiltrates a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships.

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ethnography

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a type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings

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reference groups

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a group against which an individual compares him or herself

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iatrogenic effects

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unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or invention

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gangs

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organized peer groups of antisocial individuals

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sociometric popularity

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how well-likes an individual is

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perceived popularity

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how much status or prestige an individual has

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relational aggression

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acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip

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instrumental agression

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aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned

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reactive agression

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aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive

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hostile attributional bias

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the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions and others as deliberately hostile

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cyber-bullying

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bullying that occurs over the internet or via cell phones