Adolescence Chp 2 Cognitive Transitions

Front 1

A type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of promises, or givens.

Back 1

deductive reasoning

Front 2

Reasoning that involves drawing an inference from the evidence that one has.

Back 2

inductive reasoning

Front 3

The process of thinking about itself.

Back 3

metacognition

Front 4

The belief, often brought on by the heightend self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating one's behavior.

Back 4

imaginary audience

Front 5

An adolescents belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other peoples behavior.

Back 5

personal fable

Front 6

A perspective on development, based on the work of Piaget, that takes a qualitative, stage-theory approach.

Back 6

cognitive-development

Front 7

The first stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period roughly between birth and age 2.

Back 7

sensorimotor period

Front 8

The second stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning roughly ages 2-5

Back 8

preoperational period

Front 9

The third stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period roughly between age 6 and early adolescence

Back 9

concrete operations

Front 10

The fourth stage of cognitve development, according to Piaget, spanning the period from early adolescence through adulthood.

Back 10

formal operations

Front 11

An abstract systen of logic that forms the basis of formal operational thinking.

Back 11

propositional logic

Front 12

The distinction between what individuals are capable of and what they actually do, important in the study of cognitive development.

Back 12

competence-performance distinction

Front 13

A perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process ( such as memory)

Back 13

information-processing perspective

Front 14

The process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another.

Back 14

selective attention

Front 15

The process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time.

Back 15

divided attention

Front 16

That aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved.

Back 16

working memory

Front 17

The ability to recall something from a long time ago.

Back 17

long-term memory

Front 18

A technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task.

Back 18

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Front 19

A technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task; it is more invasive than fMRI

Back 19

positron emission tomography (PET)

Front 20

A technique used to produce image's of the brain that shows connections among different regions.

Back 20

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Front 21

The process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information

Back 21

synaptic pruning

Front 22

Nerve cells

Back 22

neurons

Front 23

The process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing

Back 23

myelination

Front 24

The part of the brain responsible for many higher-order cognitive skills, such as decision making and planning.

Back 24

prefrontal cortex

Front 25

The outer and upper areas of the front of the brain, important for skills such as planning ahead and controlling impulses

Back 25

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Front 26

The lower and central area at the front of the brain, important for gut-level decision making.

Back 26

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Front 27

The region of the brain locted directly behind the eyes, important for the evaluation of risk and reward

Back 27

orbitofrontal cortex

Front 28

Chemical substances in the brain that carry electrical impulses across synapses

Back 28

neurotransmitters

Front 29

Anarea of the brain that planys a role in emotional experience

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limbic system

Front 30

In Vygotsky's theory the level of challenge that is still within the individuals reach but that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills

Back 30

zone of proximal development

Front 31

Structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the reach of the student

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scaffolding

Front 32

Standardized tests that do no, by virtue of their construction, favor one cultural or ethnic group ovr another

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culture-fair tests

Front 33

The aspect of cognition that concerns thinkin about other people, about interpersonal relations, and about social institutions

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social cognition

Front 34

An intuitive understanding of human behavior and motivation that emerges during early adolescence

Back 34

implicit personality theory

Front 35

The ability to view events from the perspective of others

Back 35

social perspective taking

Front 36

In Selman's theory, the stage of social perspective taking during which the young adolescent can be an objective third party and can see how the thoughts or actions of one person can affect those of another

Back 36

mutual role taking

Front 37

The norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations

Back 37

social conventions

Front 38

An approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making processes

Back 38

behavioral decision theory

Front 39

The enjoyment of novel and intense experiences

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sensation seeking

Front 40

Thinkin that is in-dept, analytical , and discriminating.

Back 40

critical thinking