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379 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drop of blood, wipe off in one minute, read in two minutes
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BG Chemstrip
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Placing a large bore needle thru the cricothyroid membrane for an emergency airway
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Cricothyrotomy
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Cutting a hole in the cricothyroid membrane for an emergency airway
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Cricothyrotomy
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15mm from teeth to chords, 20mm to sternal notch, 25mm to carina
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ET Tube 15, 20, 25 Rule
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Turn head to side, trendelenburg position
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External Jugular Vein Cannulation
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Cut the vertical wire only using "large toenail cutter"
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Opening a Wired Jaw
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Need to grab pt's jaw with both hands with your thumbs in the mouth on the lower molars (wrap thumbs in gauze for protection). Pull jaw down & pivot back by pushing thumbs down & forward, jaw should pop back into place
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Relocating a Nontraumatic Jaw Dislocation
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Placing a large bore needle onto the chest cavity to relieve a tension pneumothorax. We use the 2nd ICS at the midclavicular line, aim for the third rib, hit it & "Z" track up into the 2nd ICS
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Thoracentesis
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A mass of congealed blood cells, resembling a blood clot, that are glued together by antibodies
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Agglutiation
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An egg-white-like, water soluble substance, synthesized in the liver, whose purpose is to make up blood volume.
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Albumin
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"
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Bile
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A pigment located in, stool, bile and urine, also makes the blood red. It is really yellow in color but changes with its exposure to light.
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Bilirubin or Bileheme
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Formed by carbon monoxide (CO) & hemoglobin. This prevents the hemoglobin from transporting O2
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Carboxyhemoglobin
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: A pathological form of coagulation that is diffuse rather than localized. The process damages rather than protects the area involved & several clotting factors are consumed to such a great extent that generalized bleeding may occur.
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DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy)
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Hemolytic Disease of the newborne. Develops when a Rh-negative woman carries a Rh- positive fetus. Fetal RBC's cross the placenta & enter the mother's circulation causing antibody production against the Rh factor. These antibodies cross back into fetal circulation & destroy the fetal RBC's. The drug, Rho (D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) is used to prevent the mother from becoming sensitized to the Rh-positive fetus
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Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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The functional portion of plasma. Some globulins are antibodies (immunoglobulins) and others transport lipids, iron and copper.
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Globulin
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Four humours, which are held in balance when a person is healthy. All diseases and disabilities result from an excess or deficit in one of these four humors. These four humors were black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood.
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Humours
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Condition which more than 1% of hemoglobin in blood has been oxidized to the ferric (Fe+++) form. The principle sign is cyanosis because the oxidized hemoglobin is not capable of transporting O2. This condition can be brought on by the use of nitrates therefore PMD's usually prescribe a break in the medication regime to prevent this from occurring. In some instances such as Cyanide poisoning we will induce this condition using amyl nitrate which decreases the RBC's affinity for the Cyanide.
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Methemoglobinemia
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An excess of red blood cells often caused by lowered O2 tension in blood.
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Polycythemia
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A stack-like arrangement (like coins) of red blood cells in blood or in diluted suspensions of blood in which their biconcave surfaces are next to each other.
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Rouleaux's Formation
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Excessive curve of thoracic spine makes the person have a humped back
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Kyphosis
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Excessive curve of lumbar spine makes rear end stick out
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Lordosis
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"Pigeon Chest", the sternum sticks out
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Pectus Carinatum
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"Funnel-chest". Sternum is caved inward. Causes low minute volume and ineffective CPR
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Pectus Excavatum
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Spine is normally midline with no lateral curves, this condition often present with one shoulder higher than the other
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Scoliosis
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Incomplete development of the spinal cord that can be simply corrected by early intake of folic acid.
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Spina Bifida
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Using sub-audible tones superimposed on the transmit signal. Without these tones, you can't be heard by the receiver if it is set up PL.
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PL (Private Line)
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Base station modified to retransmit a broadcast to increase effective range
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Repeater
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When a cell phone is able to bounce another off the cell site to make a call. Set up as a priority phone, not used in this area
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Ruthless Preemption
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Ultra High Frequency
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UHF
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Very High Frequency
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VHF
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The repeater station that receives the strongest signal will re-broadcast it
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Voting
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, also known as Lou Garrig's Disease. You lose all muscle control except for eye movement. Your mind remains intact with your eyes the only thing you can communicate with. Like being trapped in a shell
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ALS Amieotrophic lateral sclerosis
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Spontaneous rupture of the lower esophagus, a variant of Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Rupture of the esophagus. It is generally caused by excessive vomiting in eating disorders such as bulimia although it may rarely occur in extremely forceful coughing or other situations. It can cause pneumomediastinum and/or mediastinitis (air or inflammation of the mediastinum) and sepsis.Esophageal rupture in Boerhaave syndrome is thought to be the result of a sudden rise in internal esophageal pressure produced during vomiting, as a result of neuromuscular incoordination causing failure of the cricopharyngeus muscle (a sphincter within the esophagus) to relax. The syndrome is commonly associated with the consumption of excessive food and/or alcohol. The most common anatomical location of the tear in Boerhaave syndrome is at left posterolateral wall of the lower third of the esophagus, 2-3 cm before the stomach.
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Boerhaave Syndrome
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Thrush
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Candidiasis
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spasm of the hands or feet
tetany Can be from: # Hypocalcemia # Multiple blood transfusions # Parathyroidectomy # Ileostomy formation # Gastric resection with gastrojejunostomy # Hyperventilation # Tetany # Following thyroid surgery due to damage to the parathyroid glands |
Carpopedal spasm
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Soreness, tenderness, weakness of thumb caused by pressure on nerve
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Carpal Tunnel
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bilateral nonprogressive paralysis resulting from developmental defects in the brain. Can be caused by hypoxia to a fetus during a long delivery.
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CP Cerebral Palsy,
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The condition of having diverticuli.
• Anything that creates high intraluminal pressures in the large intestine can cause OUTPOUCHES called DIVERTICULI. |
Diverticulosis
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Treatment is usually with NSAIDS. "
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Dressler Syndrome
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Lining of the uterus ends up outside the uterus in the abdominal cavity. Can cause infertility, severe menstrual bleeding, cramps.
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Endodemetriosis
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A neuromotor disease causing increasing paralysis starting from the feet & working its way up until you are completely paralyzed. Pt ends up on ventilator & then this goes away from the head down. It may be a viral disease
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Guillain Barre
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Anything that destroys RBC's, presents in two ways; generalized body edema, treat with lasix & mannitol or anaphylaxis; treat with epi & benadryl
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Hemolytic Reaction
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protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
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Hernia
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Severe pain, restlessness, "Worst pain ever felt", back pain
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Kidney Stone
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See "Thrush"
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Leukoplakia
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Linear tear in the esophogastric junction caused from retching. Usually seen in alcoholics, Hx of dry heaves first, after tearing blood pours into stomach & 5 - 10 minutes later they vomit up bright red blood (hematemesis).
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Mallory Weiss Syndrome
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Movement of cancer cells from one area of the body to another.
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Metastatic Disease
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the bodies "T" cells attack the myelin sheath of the nerves causing weakness or numbness of the limbs & hyperactive tendon reflexes. This can be a chronic condition with steady deteriorization or remitting with periods of recovery followed by neurologic dysfunction
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Multiple Sclerosis
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No movement thru bowels. Can be caused by trauma or certain drugs (morphine)
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Paralytic Ileus
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Chronic nervous disease, slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness & rigidity, peculiar gait.
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Parkinson's Syndrome
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Fracture without trauma, often in elderly
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Pathologic Fracture
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Occurs in lower end of esophagus or in stomach, gnawing pain
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Peptic Ulcer
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Irritation of the peritoneum due to infection or blood.
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Peritonitis
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Pts are so obese they have respitory failure. Usually weigh over 450 lbs., sleep sitting up, always tired because CO2 is retained & is a depressant. Almost always smoke, burns on them from falling asleep with cigarettes.
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Pickwickian Syndrome
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secondary form of pericarditis that occurs in the setting of injury to the heart or the pericardium (the outer lining of the heart).
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Dressler's Syndrome
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• Overreaction to stimuli that would normally cause vasoconstriction.
• Most common in the arms. • Radial and ulnar arteries spasm. Hands become very cold and very pale or cyanotic. • Patients know they have it. Hands get cold and turn colors. • After the warm up, blood flow starts again. • Tip of nose or ear lobes can turn blue. • Often related to Ca+ Channel Blockers – Procardia/Nifedipine/Adalat |
Raynauds
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Caused by the uterus crushing the inferior vena cava, these pt should be placed on left side.
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Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
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White cottage cheese appearing growth found in the mouth of pts due to antibiotics or immineuosuppression
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Thrush
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a term used to loosely describe the illness accompanying kidney failure (also called renal failure), in particular the nitrogenous waste products associated with the failure of this organ
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Uremia
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caused by an accessory pathway called the bundle of Kent that allows the electrical impulse from the atria to bypass the AV node & excite the ventricles sooner. Characterized by short PRI & Delta waves
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WPW Syndrome
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Inner curved ridge of the external ear
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Antihelix
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Anatomic name for earlobe
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Auricle or Pinna
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Margin of the external ear
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Helix
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Blood behind the eardrum; caused by basilar skull fracture
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Hemotympanum
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Malleus, incus and stapes; three smallest bones in the body (6 total), transmit vibratory
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Ossicles
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Inflammation of middle ear
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Otitis Media
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Hold vibrating tuning fork on mastoid until sound disappears, then hold close to ear, you should still hear vibration (air conduction is greater than bone conduction).
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Rinne AC>BC
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Used to test hearing
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Ticking Watch
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Cartilaginous projection in front of ear
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Tragus
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Painful in acute otitis externa but not in otitis media
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Tragus Push
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Tuning fork on top of head should be heard evenly in both ears
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Weber
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Deficiency in adrenocortical hormones, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, hypotension.
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Addison's Disease
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Taking steroids and you stop; body turned off steroid production because of the high levels of steroids; body can't produce enough steroids fast enough to compensate; bradycardia & hypotension
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Adrenocortical insufficiency
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secreted by posterior pitutary, causes nephrons to concentrate urine.
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ADH / Antidieutric Hormone,
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Glands covering superior portion of kidneys, secretes many hormones, regulates some sex hormones.
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Adrenals
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A factor that effects the cell that secreted it
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Autocrine
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Lack of thyroid secretion, arrested physical & mental development
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Cretinism
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Increased adrenal hormone, fatigue, moon face, edema, hair growth
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Cushings
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Too little growth hormone before puberty
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Dwarfism
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One cell type effecting tissues farther away
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Endocrine
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Gland that uses ducts to reach its target tissues
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Exocrine
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A, E, D & K. Good way to remember, "All Dogs Eat Kats", these vitamins are stored in the fat and can build up to a toxic level if too much is taken in over a period of time. Unlike H2O soluble vitamins which are flushed out of the body quickly tending not to build up to dangerous levels.
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
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Enlargement of the thyroid due to iodine insufficiency or hyper, hypo function of the thyroid
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Goiter
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Most common in DM type II. Diagnosis is inferred by serum pH < 7.3 with decreased serum bicarb & absence of ketones, or a Hx of ingesting salicylates or methanol.
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HHNC Hyperglycemic-Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma.
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Causes cretinism or myxedema, fat pad, dry skin, fever & smaller neurons, H2O retention.
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Hypothyroidism
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Pituitary, secretes hormones that regulate many body processes
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Master Gland
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Caused by hypothyroid, fat pad, dry skin, H2O retention
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Myxedema
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softening of the bones in adults due to defective bone mineralization
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Osteomalacia
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One cell type effecting another right around it
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Paracrine
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Tumor that can form anywhere but classically forms in adrenals, produce adrenalin.
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Pheochromocytoma
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When the pheochromocytoma produces huge amounts of adrenalin
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Pheostorm
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Glandlike structure in brain, believed to have something to do with melatonin.
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Pineal Gland
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softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity
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Rickets
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Synthetic thyroid medication used for hypothyroid
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Synthroid
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Complication of thyrotoxicosis, fatal if not treated, abrupt onset of fever, tachycardia, sweating, can cause A-Fib & PAT
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Thyroid Storm
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Toxic condition due to hyperactivity of thyroid, increased BMR, tachycardia, weakness
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Graves Disease.. Thyrotoxicosis
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"Double vision"
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Diplopia
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Near the center of the macula. Responsible for sharp central vision.
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Fovea Centralis
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Where the eyelids meet
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Medial & Lateral Canthus
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Empties lacrimal secretions into nasal cavity
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Nasolacrimal Duct
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Point where the optic nerves cross
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Optic Chiasma
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location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. There are no light sensitive rods or cones to respond to a light stimulus at this point. This causes a break in the visual field called "the blind spot" or the "physiological blind spot".
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Optic Disc
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Carries impulses to the brain from retina, provides sight
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Optic Nerve
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part of the visual system in the brain.
It is a continuation of the optic nerve and runs from the optic chiasm (where half of the information from each eye crosses sides, and half stays on the same side) to the lateral geniculate nucleus. |
Optic Tract
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Area inside the optic disc, if it enlarges causes glaucoma
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Physiologic Cup
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Loss of sight in a certain field of vision
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Scotoma
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Temporary loss of vision that has cleared. Frequently returns. (TIA)
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Amaurosis Fugax
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a defect in the visual field. If the defect is only partial, then the portion of the field with the defect can be used to isolate a lesion.
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anopia
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Unequal pupils that are normal for some people
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Benign Anisocoria
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Lens becomes hard & opaque, usually with aging
Clouding of the eye’s natural lens. |
Cataract
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Causes sudden painless loss of sight in effected eye, a true emergency. Best treatment is pt supine, eyes closed & pressure applied to effected eye with the heel of your hand, nice ride to hosptial
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Central Retinal Artery Occulsion
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Small bump in the eyelid caused by a blockage of a tiny oil gland.
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Chalazion
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White ring around cornea seen in aged persons, may be due to fat.
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Corneal Arcus
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Deviation from normal conjugate gaze by paralysis of a muscle.
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Extraocular Movements
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Device with a rounded very smooth magnetic surface & a soft, looped surface to be used to remove objects from the eye
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Eye Magnet & Loop
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FUNDUSCOPIC: Hemorrhage appearance characteristic of hypertension. Hypertensive Retinopathy
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Flame-shaped Hemorrhages
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This is a test that uses orange dye (fluorescein) and a blue light to detect foreign bodies in the eye. This test can also detect damage to the cornea, the outer surface of the eye
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Fluorescein dye test
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Too much pressure in anterior chamber. "Gray-ish clouds" form on lens
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Glaucoma
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Born with far-sighted
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Hyperopia
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Used to test color blindness. 10% of men are colorblind
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Ishihara's Eye Chart
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Eye muscle paralytic (tropicumid)
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Mydridcil
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Nearsightedness
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Myopia
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Dilated pupil with no reaction to light or accommodation. Ptosis & deviation of laterally & downward may also happen
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Oculomotor nerve paralysis
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Edema & inflammation of the optic nerve, indicates intracranial pressure. You can see the optic disk bulge forward with an ophthalmoscope
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Papilledema
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Drooping eyelid
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Ptosis
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Surgical removal of part of the iris. Sector, section missing; laser, small hole in iris
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Sector & Laser Iridectomies
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Tests visual acuity, the "E" chart. Optic Nerve CN II
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Snellen Eye Chart
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disorder in which the eyes do not line up in the same direction when focusing. The condition is more commonly known as "crossed eyes."
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Strabismus
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Most bumps on the eyelid. An inflamed oil gland on the edge of your eyelid, where the lash meets the lid. It appears as a red, swollen bump that looks like a pimple. It is tender, especially to the touch.
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Stye
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Large pupil confined to one side, reacts very slowly to light or accommodation. Benign disorder.
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Adie's) Pupil
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Yellow spots on upper lid, may be due to high cholesterol or aging. Hyperlipidemias
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Xanthelasma
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Tranverse depressions in the nails associated with severve illness. Appearing some weeks later, they grow out with the nail over several months.
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Beau's Lines
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Red or brown linear streaks in the nail bed, traditionally associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis & trichinosis but can occur with minor trauma
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Splinter Hemorrhages
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Concave, up curving nails. Sometimes indicate iron defiency.
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Spoon Nails
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Bleeding under the fingernail usually due to trauma to the nail. Very painful injury.
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Subungual Hemotoma
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1 cc of air x pt weight in pounds
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Anatomic Dead Space
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Na - [ Cl + HCO3 ]
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Anion Gap
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H+ + HCO3 ~ H2CO3 ~ CO2 + H2O ( Increase to either side increases the other ) H+= hydrogen ion = acid HCO3 = bicarbonate = base H2CO3 = carbonic acid
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Bicarbonate Buffer Equation
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CO x PVR = ? ( Cardiac Ouput x Peripheral Vascular Resistance = ? )
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BP
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SV x HR = ? ( Stroke Volume x Heart Rate = ? )
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Cardiac Output
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“For every increase on PCO2 of 10 units of change away from normal, pH should go down by 0.08.”
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Golden Rule #1
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Kg = lbs / 2.2 lbs = Kg x 2.2
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Kg to lbs lbs to Kg
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Formula for MAP (mean arterial pressure)
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DBP + 1/3 PP
(PP = SPB - DBP) |
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Vt x RR = ? ( Tidal Volume x Respitory Rate= ? )
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Minute Volume
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Multiply the heart rate times the systolic blood pressure; the resulting number is the MVO2 value. This formula is also called the pulse pressure product.
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MVO2
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( SBP - DBP = ? ) - Normal is about 40. > 50 or < 30 is abnormal
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Pulse Pressure (PP)
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( ? = HR x SBP ) - Used to figure myocardial O2 consumption
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Pulse Pressure Product (MVO2)
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Body's system to protect its self from changes in pH. The body protects its self better against acids than bases
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Ratio of Bicarb to Carbonic Acid 20:1
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Metal arms of the stethoscope
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Binaurals
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The movement & utilization of oxygen in the body is dependant on: 1. Adequate concentration of inspired oxygen (FIO2) 2. Appropriate movement of O2 across the aveolar - capillary membrane into the arterial bloodstream
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Fick Principle
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S3 = ventricular gallop, "Kentucky", indicates dilated non-compliant left ventricle, fluid overload (CHF), post systolic. S4 = atrial gallop, "Tennessee", indicates non-compliant ventricle stretched by atrium; 1. Hypertension or, 2. MI
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Gallops; S3 & S4
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Allows the muscle fibers in the heart to transmit electrical impulses between them (gap junctions)
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Intercalated Disc
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Accessory pathways that allow the electrical impulses from the atria to bypass the AV node & arrive at the ventricles quicker than normal.
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Kent & Bachman Bundle
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The muscles of the atria
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Pectinate Muscles
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Friction of one surface moving over another (sounds like leather being rubbed together). Usually the pericardial sac rubbing against the heart.
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Rubs
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The more the cardiac muscles are stretched; the greater the force of contraction
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Starling's Law
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When S3 & S4 converge due to fast heart rate. Sounds like "I can't keep up".
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Summation Gallop
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Marble like endocardium, softens the inferior ventricles so the red blood cells don't get damaged as the blood is pushed into the ventricles
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Trabeculae Carneae
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A vector, live on your pets
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Fleas
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Class of organism containing the yeast and molds.
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Fungus
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Virus that infect the liver
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Hepatitis ABCD
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90% of adults have type I, 20% have type II. Viral infection that causes cold sores (type I) and sores on and around the genitals (type II). No cure, virus lies dormant in body & breaks out usually during low resisitance (stress or illness).
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Herpes Simplex
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, the adult form of chicken pox
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Herpes Zoster / Shingles
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A herpes virus that presents with sores on the fingers
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Herpetic Whitlow
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Injection of a microorganism or toxin into body.
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Inoculation
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scavengers, feeding on skin and other debris found on the host's body, but some species feed on sebaceous secretions and blood.
Live in hair |
Lice
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Caused by tick bite
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Lyme Disease
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Direct and indirect. Direct = Touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse or by direct projection by sneezing, coughing, spitting, etc. Indirect = Three methods; vehicle borne, mechanical, like on a fly's feet or biological, where the infectious agent multiples or grows to become infectious while living in the fly and then the fly drools on you
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Modes of Transmission
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Terrible staph infection that is resistant to all forms of treatments
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MRSA
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Small proteinaceous infectious partical, resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acid. Thought to help transmission of certain slow viral infections.
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Prion
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Intense itching caused by a mite whose penetration is visible as papules, vesicles or tiny linear burrows containing the mites & their eggs. Easily transmitted. Treated with many commercial available preparations (Kwell?, Eurax?, Tetmosal? & others)
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Scabies
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A vector, live outdoors in tall grasses. Most commonly noted for transmitting Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever & Lyme Disease.
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Ticks
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Caused by a mycobacteria, usually infects the lungs. Fatigue, fever & weight loss are early signs followed by cough, chest pain, hemoptysis & hoarseness. If untreated, about 50% of pts will die in two years
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Tuberculosis
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Carrier, usually an arthropod or insect that transmits disease from infected to noninfected individuals
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Vector
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Includes WBC count, hemoglobin, HCT, platelet count & others
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CBC
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Vagal maneuver, massage pts carotids, should not be done in older pts due to the possibility of breaking of a plaque and sending it up to the brain
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Carotid Sinus Massage
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Oculocephalic reflex, used on the unconscious pt, turn head to side and eyes should track back toward the head
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Doll's Eyes
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Usually used on children, hang them by their feet upside down. Used to break tachydysrhythmias
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Inversion
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Abdominal palpation to determine presentation and position of fetus in utero
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Leopolds Maneuver
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A complex cardiovasculure response to having the face suddenly immersed in cold water. Glottus closes and body starts to slow down heart rate & vasoconstrict. Sometimes used to break SVT in children.
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Mammalian Diving Reflex
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form of hypotension in which a person's blood pressure suddenly falls when the person stands up. The decrease is typically greater than 20/10 mm Hg,[2] and may be most pronounced after resting.
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Orthostatics
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Usually benign swelling & hives, suddenly appears then goes away
When the blood vessels become disconnected from the nerves. Can happen to anyone but the most classic example is: • Middle aged woman who awakes in the morning and notices that her lip is swollen with no explanation • 99% of the time, is harmless and goes away by itself but can progress to become an airway obstruction • The entire airway can swell. The tongue can become the size of an orange. • No redness, no hives, tissue is not friable. • If the pt is on an ACE INHIBITOR, the pt must come off it. May be linked to it. Pt can be on ACEI’s for many, many years. • However, is NOT A DRUG REACTION. • There is no treatment for it because it’s a leukotriene response and not a histamine response. |
Angioneurotic Edema
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Lines oral cavity
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Buccal Mucosa
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Thrush
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Candidiasis
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Describing thrush, "White Plaques"
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Leukoplakia
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Collection of pus around tonsils.
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Peritonsillar Abscess
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An arch of tissue behind anterior pillar
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Posterior Pillar
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Results from atrophy of papillae, seen in anemia & malnutrition
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Smooth Tongue
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Tonic contraction of muscles of mastication (clamping down of the teeth)
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Trismus
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Receives blood from brain & superficial face
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Internal Jugular Vein
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One sternocleidomastoid muscle spasms & pulls head to side. Vey painful, also called "rye neck"
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Torticollis
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Covers posterior part of neck & shoulder
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Trapezius Muscle
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An intracranial aneurysm, also known as a saccular aneurysm, is a sac-like outpouching in a cerebral blood vessel. Once this has formed it is likely to rupture, causing a stroke. Thus they are serious medical emergencies, and should be treated as soon as possible.
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Berry Aneurysm
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Area of left hemisphere of brain, motor speech area
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Broca's Area
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Interconnecting set of arteries for the brain
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Circle of Willis
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Arterial bleeding, rapid, loss of consciousness followed by lucid period followed by death if not in the OR quickly
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Epidural Bleed
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Seizure confined to one area of the body.
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Focal
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Fracture of C2 vertebra
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Hangman's Fracture
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Seen with head injuries and increased ICP. Pupil on side of injury will become sluggish and then dilate.
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Hutchinson's Pupil
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Gaps in the myelin sheath
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Form of spasm, head & heels bent back, body bowed
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Opisthotonus
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Area where the nerve tracks cross over between the cerebrum & the spinal cord
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Pons
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Spontaneous bleed in the pons, rapid LOC, bilateral pinpoint pupils & flaccid paralysis (quadraplegia). Always fatal.
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Pontine Hemorrhage
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involved in many important aspects of peripheral nerve biology; the conduction of nervous impulses along axons, nerve development and regeneration, trophic support for neurons, production of the nerve extracellular matrix and presentation of antigens to T-lymphocytes
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Schwann Cells
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Bleeding under the arachnoid membrane. With pain = bleeding Without pain = occulsion
Worst headache of my life |
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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Venous bleed, slow, headache, hemiparesis
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Subdural Bleed
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Black substance in area connecting cerebrum & pons. Produces dopamine, is the area involved in Parkinson's Disease
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Substantia Nigra
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Intermittent tonic spasms most frequently in the young
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Tetany
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Lateral sides of the naris
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Ala Nasi
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Curve where nose joins the face
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Bridge
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Opening of the nose, nostrils
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Naris
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Cartilaginous lowest part
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Tip
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Separates the two nasal cavities
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Septal Cartilage
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Curving bony structures, increase surface area, helps with cleansing, humidification & temperature control of incoming air
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Turbinates
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Widened area inside the naris
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Vestibule
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Premature separation of the placenta, severe pain, may or may not see bleeding
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Abruption
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Fibrous bands that bind organs to each other, can cause severe pain
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Adhesions
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"
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APGAR
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False labor
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Braxton Hicks
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Often refered to as the "cat". It’s the menstrual formula, used as a reporting tool: Menarch x Cycle length x Flow length X Menopause. Seen as: "cat=12x28x5x50"
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Catamenia
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Removal of the fetus by incision into the uterus
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Cesarean Section
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The prevention of pregnancy, birth control
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Contraception
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commonly performed for the diagnosis of gynecological conditions leading to 'abnormal uterine bleeding'
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Dilation and curettage
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Painful bleeding during menses
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Dysmenorrhea
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Difficult labor, due to large fetus, small pelvis, etc.
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Dystocia
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Coma & seizures between after 20th week, can be fatal. Only cure is delivery, mag sulfate is drug of choice to temper it ( 4gm loading dose over 20 mins & run at 2GM/Hr, can go up to 4 GM/Hr.)
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Eclampsia
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Implantation of fertilized egg outside of uterine cavity
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Ectopic Pregnancy
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Thinning of the cervix during labor
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Effacement
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When endometrium is found outside of the uterus
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Endometriosis
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Incision in perineum to prevent tearing during child birth
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Episiotomy
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Hemolytic Disease of the newborne. Develops when a Rh-negative woman carries a Rh-positive fetus. Fetal RBC's cross the placenta & enter the mother's circulation causing antibody production against the Rh factor. These antibodies cross back into fetal circulation & destroy the fetal RBC's. The drug, Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) is used to prevent the mother from becoming sensitized to the Rh- positive fetus, preventing Erythroblastosis Fetalis.
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Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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Number of pregnancies
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Gravid
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Also called Trophoblastic Disease or a molar pregnancy, usually noted around 12 weeks of pregnancy by the uterus expanding much faster than normal and the lack of fetal heart tones. Happens in less than 1% of all pregnancies, sometimes goes to term and pt will deliver grape like tissue
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Hydatiform Mole
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used as a contraceptive, implanted in the uterus, not sure exactly how it works.
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Intrauterine Device
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Abdominal palpation to determine presentation and position of fetus in utero
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Leopolds Maneuver
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Extreme elevation of legs. Knees are up over shoulder
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McRoberts Position
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When menses first begins
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Menarche
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"Midcycle pain", believed to be pain of ovulation.
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Mittleschmertz
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The ovary twisting around itself
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Ovarian Torsion
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The disposition of the pregnancies, term, preterm, abortion, living. G5 P3114 = means 5 pregnancies, 3 went to term, 1 was preterm, 1 aborted & 4 are living today
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Para
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severe obstetric complication involving an abnormally deep attachment of the placenta, through the endometrium and into the myometrium (the middle layer of the uterine wall).
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Placenta percreta
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Toxemia of pregnancy (HTN or 30 pts systolic, 15 pts diastolic from entry BP, headaches, photophobia, RUQ pain, proteinuria, hyperreflexia)
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Preeclampsia
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Low attachment of placenta, painless bright red blood
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Placenta praevia
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20-36 weeks
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Preterm
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Leakage of fluid outside the sac, causes irritation and pain
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Ruptured Cyst
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36 weeks & up
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Term
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Performed when mom is in danger
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Therapeutic
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Signs & symptoms are there, pregnancy may continue
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Threatened
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Rare bacterial disease, sudden onset of high fever, N/V, profuse watery diarrhea & myalgia (severe pain in abdomen, comes and goes, may be intensified by movement), followed by hypotension and in severe cases, shock.
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
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A white cheesy substance that covers and protects the skin of the fetus and is still all over the skin of a baby at birth. Composed of sebum (the oil of the skin) and cells that have sloughed off the fetus' skin
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Vernix Caseosa
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Where the top of the head presents first. Normal presentation.
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Vertex Presentation
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Kids are likely to wheeze, only symptom may be cough, epi SQ is safe, use albuteral but not at the same time as epi
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Asthma
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Document fact only. Report it if you want
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Child Abuse
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Usually seen in 2-4 year olds, seal bark cough caused by a virus. Treat with nebulized H2O and suspect epiglottitis
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Croup
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Usually seen in 3-5 year olds, bacterial infection causes swelling of epiglottis. Starts with a fever & cough to sore throat, sniffing position, drooling & quiet. Can give nebulized H2O or racemic epi to diminish swelling. You can bag them if they can't breath, epiglottis rarely swells so big as to completely block airway.
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Epiglottitis
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Kill by airway failure, if temperature GT 1040 F, gently cool. Support respirations if pt is ataxic, apnic or signs of hypoxia are present (cyanosis)
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Febrile Seizures
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Kids put everything in their mouth, Expect ingestions!
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Ingestions
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An area where the aorta and pulmonary artery are joined allowing blood to flow between them in the fetus. This will sometimes close on its own, if not surgery is required to close the passage
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus
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Epi .01 mg/Kg Atropine 0.02 mg/Kg Defib 1 joule/Lb followed by 2x followed by 2x again
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Pediatric Drug Doses
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More common in the fall and winter. Infant is dead, look like they were beat up. More common in low birth weight babies, moms who smoke or do drugs during pregnancy & lower education level households.
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SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
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Congenital heart defect, pulmonary stenosis, VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy. These kids are at home waiting to become strong enough for corrective surgery.
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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Sudden decompensation due to Tetralogy of Fallot, cyanotic, mottled and anxious. Treat with O2 & place in knee to chest position, head up and keep calm. Parents often have a pure alpha med; Neo-Synephrine (phenolephrin), give 1 or 2 sprays in right nostril.
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Tet Spell
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LR 20cc/Kg doses
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Trauma
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The random movement of a particle suspended in fluid; random movement of an atom.
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Brownian Movement
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Over stimulation of receptors may reduce the number of receptors
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Down-regulation
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Specific untoward reaction to phenothiazine group of tranquilizers that results in uncomfortable face, neck & upper extremity paraylsis, often the pt will present in weird poses making you think the pt is a psych case. Benadryl can be used to treat this.
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Extrapyramidal Reaction
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Unused portions of chemical in the system that, though in moderation are essential to life and cellular function, can cause irritation and disease, causing inflammation.
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Free Radicals
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Rapid shutting down of receptor sites due to over stimulation
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Tachyphylaxis
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Drug or substance that causes birth defects
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Teratogen
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Under stimulation of receptors may increase the number of receptors
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Up-regulation
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Used to test for deep tendon reflexes
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Buck's Hammer
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Used to test for long bone fractures, place it on the knee cap. If the bone is fractured, the sound will not be transmitted to the pubic bone.
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Orthoscopy
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Uses the typamic membrane (ear drum) to take pt temperature
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Tympanic Thermometry
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Not uncommon for EMS people to have, person goes thru life with moderate depression but not enough to be dysfunctional. Sometimes has periods of happiness but mostly just blah
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Dysthymic Disorder
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Same as depression except that the person is unable to function at all. Long term with feelings of hopelessness and dispair and no hope for tomorrow
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Major Depression
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Mood characterized by increased excitement & activity, madness.
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Mania
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Person knows 2 + 2 = 4 and it bothers them
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Neurosis
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Any major mental disorder of organic or emtional origin, usually evidenced by derangement of the personality or loss of contact withreality (2+2 =8 and no matter what you say, it's 8).
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Psychosis
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Afferent is feeder vessel, efferent receives blood that has passed thru glomerulus
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Afferent & Efferent Arteries
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Part of renal tube, functions as filter in formation of urine
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Bowman's Capsule
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Small ducts that receive urine from several renal tubes
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Collecting Duct
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Costovertebral angle, pain suggests kidney infection
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CVA Thump
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Chemically impregnated paper strip used for urinalysis
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Dipstix
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is an indication of the state of the kidney and its role in renal physiology. Describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
|
GFR Glomerular filteration rate
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One of two main structures of nephrons, a plexus of capillaries
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Glomerulus
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distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney, leading to progressive atrophy of the kidney.
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Hydronephrosis
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Ascending & descending loops of renal tube
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Loop of Henle
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Stones in the kidney
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Nephrolithiasis
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Basin-like cavity, continuous with ureter
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Renal Pelvis
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Along with loop of henle, provide passageway for glomerular filtrate to reach renal pelvis
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Proximal Tubule & Distal Tubule
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Test done on urine, water has specific gravity of one
|
Specific Gravity
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Inhibits trypson to prevent breakdown of lung tissue
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Alpha1 Antitrypson
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In the lower pons appears to promote inspiration by stimulation of the I neurons in the medulla oblongata providing a constant stimulus.
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Apneustic Center
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Both bases of the lungs
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Bibasilar
|
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Pimple on the visceral pleura
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Bleb
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Hairlike processes & mucus in respiratory tract that move secretions and contaminants upward so they can be coughed out
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Ciliary Mucus Elevator System
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a collection of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity, such as the lung pleura
|
Empyema
|
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necrosis of the pulmonary tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm)[1] containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
This pus-filled cavity is often caused by aspiration, which may occur during altered consciousness. Alcoholism is the most common condition predisposing patients to this |
Lung Abscess
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Inflammation of the membrane that lines both lungs
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Pleurisy
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Sepsis originating from a lung infection
|
Pneumosepsis
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Area in pons that regulates breathing
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Pneumotaxic
|
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excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs
|
Pulmonary Effusion
|
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a hole or a small passage which moves, or allows movement of fluid from one part of the body to another.
|
Shunt
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the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inspiration.
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Vital Capacity
|
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No pattern at all, common in seizure patients
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Ataxia
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Have pt say "99", you can hear it over consolidated areas
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Bronchophony
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Measure of the force required to distend the lungs.
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Compliance
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Have pt say "E", over areas of consolidation, you'll hear a nasal "A"
often caused by lung consolidation and fibrosis. |
Egophony
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Deep inspiration followed by audible expiration
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Sigh
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A round face caused by increased adrenal hormone. Excessive hair growth may be present in the mustache & sideburn areas & on the chin. See "Moon Facies".
|
Cushing's Syndrome
|
|
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Fatty deposits over cheek, thin skin. Cushing's Syndrome
|
Moon Facies
|
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|
Caused by severe hypothyroidism, dull puffy faces, the edema around the eyes does not pit with pressure. The hair & eyebrows are dry, coarse & thinned. The skin is dry.
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Myxedema
|
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Gray band of opacity around the cornea, a normal finding with aging
|
Arcus Senilis
|
|
|
What's Beck's Triad?
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3 signs for cardiac tamponade; narrowing pulse pressure, JVD, distant heart sounds. (sometimes, electrical alternans)
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|
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Periorbital ecchymosis indicates a basilar scull fracture. Usually not seen by EMS due to its late onset
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Coon's Eyes
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a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction (twitching) visible under the skin arising from the spontaneous discharge of a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers. Fasciculations have a variety of causes, the majority of which are benign, but can also be due to disease of the motor neurons.
|
Fasciculations
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Have pt press edges of both hands into midline of abdomen. Tap one side & feel for a wave transmitted to the other side. A palpable wave suggests ____.
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Fluid Wave / Ascites
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Discomfort behind the knee on forced dorsiflexion of the foot; due to thrombosis in the calf veins
|
Homans Sign
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In the state or in true paralysis, when the pt presses the leg against the surface on which he is lying, the other leg will lift.
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Hoover's Sign
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Ipsilateral shoulder pain from inflamed diaphragm
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Kehr's Sign
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|
|
Fatty deposits over cheek, thin skin. Cushing's Syndrome
|
Moon Facies
|
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To test for meningeal irritation, pt will have a stiff neck. This alone is not a good test for meningeal irritation.
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Nuchal Rigidity
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|
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Have pt supine & try to lift right leg against your hand, severe abdominal. The appendix is under this muscle muscle & when that muscle is tensed it puts pressure on the appendix.
|
Psoa's Sign
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Two distinct impulses with each heartbeat. Aortic Insufficiency, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
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Pulsus Biferiens
|
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The vibration or thrill felt while the pt is talking & the hand is held against the chest
|
Tactile Fremitus
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|
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Found in children hit by car; femur fracture, thoracic injury, head injury contralateral to other injuries.
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Waddell's Triad
|
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Pulse that is short, powerful, jerky beat that suddenly collapses. Diagnostic of aortic regurgitation, its force is due to ventricular hypertrophy & the large amount of blood expelled with each systole; its sudden recession is due to the incompetent aortic valve allowing backflow.
|
Waterhammer Pulse
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|
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Bright red, round, normal with aging
|
Cherry Angioma
|
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Loss of superficial epidermis
|
Erosion
|
|
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Losing the corium or true skin
|
Excoriation
|
|
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Linear crack in skin
|
Fissure
|
|
|
Outermost layer of skin, 20 to 30 cell layers thick makes up 3/4 of the epidermis. This layer is totally dead cells
|
Horny Layer
|
|
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Scar formation in skin following trauma or surgical incision
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Keloid
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Deeper & firmer than papule
|
Nodule
|
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Red with radiating legs, seen in pregnancy, liver disease, vitamin B defiency
|
Spider Angioma
|
|
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sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, accompanied by the disintegration of tissue and often the formation of pus
|
Ulcer
|
|
|
Inspection of a cavity by passing a light thru its walls, if light is diminshed it might be due to pus or a lesion
|
Transillumination
|
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Part of a whole
|
Aliquot
|
|
|
Generalized body edema
|
Anasarca
|
|
|
Joining together of two tube like structures
|
Anastomosis
|
|
|
The constant movement of molecules, speeds up with increasing temperature
|
Brownian Movement
|
|
|
Skin and Bones
|
Cachexia
|
|
|
Pain in the legs after walking. Cramping. Sign of inadequate blood flow.
|
Claudication
|
|
|
Breaking apart of MAST cells, causing them to spill their contents (histamines).
|
Degranulation
|
|
|
The ability of the WBC's using ameboid motion to move thru the walls of capillaries
|
Diapedesis
|
|
|
Nonspecific measurement
|
Dollup
|
|
|
Hard leathery patch from third degree burn
|
Eschar
|
|
|
Escape of fluid into surrounding tissue
|
Extravasate
|
|
|
Formation of glycogen form glucose
|
Glycogenesis
|
|
|
Pertaining to body fluids
|
Humoral
|
|
|
A water filled tumor
|
Hydrotoma
|
|
|
Moisture absorbing
|
Hygroscopic
|
|
|
enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction
|
Isoenzymes
|
|
|
Antibacterial enzyme found in tears
|
Lysozyme
|
|
|
To block or obstruct
|
Obturate
|
|
|
Double fold of peritoneum attached to stomach, can wrap itself around areas of injury or infection
|
Omentum
|
|
|
apparent displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines
|
Parallax
|
|
|
Converts cAMP to AMP
|
Phosphodiesterase
|
|
|
Process of a cell absorbing liquid
|
Pinocytosis
|
|
|
Events leading up to
|
Prodrome
|
|
|
"False feet", projections allowing WBC's to move & engulf particles
|
Pseudopodia
|
|
|
When RBC's stack up like a roll of coins
|
Rouleaux's Formation
|
|
|
Partial dislocation. Bones out of alignment (usually spinal column)
|
Subluxation
|
|
|
Opposition to flow of electricity across the chest
|
Transthoracic Resistance
|
|
|
Abnormal decrease in number of blood platelets
|
Thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
Vasoconstrict
|
Angiotension II
|
|
|
Vasoconstrict
|
Caffeine
|
|
|
Vasodilate
|
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
|
|
|
Vasoconstrict
|
Cold
|
|
|
Vasoconstrict
|
Epi
|
|
|
Vasodilate
|
ETOH
|
|
|
Vasodilate
|
Heat
|
|
|
Vasodilate
|
Histamine
|
|
|
Vasoconstrict
|
Neo-synephrine
|
|
|
Vasodilate
|
Niacin
|
|
|
Vasodilate
|
Nitro (NTG)
|
|
|
Vasoconstrict
|
Oxygen (O2)
|
|
|
Vasoconstrict
|
Pure Alpha
|
