Additional Histo Part 3

Front 1

Hormones

Back 1

Chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands and delivered by the bloodstream to target cells or organs

Front 2

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Back 2

1. Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
- Pars distalis
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
2. Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
- Median eminence
- Infundibulum
- Pars nervosa (Vasopressin "ADH" and oxytocin)

Front 3

Futher subdivision of Pars distalis

Back 3

1. Chromophils
- Acidophils (Somatotrophs and mammotrophs)
- Basophils (Cortico-, thyro- and gonadotrophs)
2. Chromophobes

Front 4

Thyroid gland

Back 4

Composed of:
1. Follicular cells (principal cells): Secretes Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
2. Parafollicular: Secrete calcitonin

Front 5

Parathyroid glands

Back 5

Composed of
- Cheif cells: Synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Oxyphils cells: Inactive phase of cheif cells

Front 6

Suprarenal (adrenal) glands

Back 6

Secrete steroids and catecholamines

Front 7

Suprarenal cortex

Back 7

Composed of:
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis

Front 8

Suprarenal medulla

Back 8

Chromaffin cells: Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Sympathetic ganglion cells

Front 9

Pineal gland

Back 9

- Pinealocytes: Melanin
- Interstitial cells

Front 10

Skin

Back 10

Largest organ of the body and contains of epidermis and the underlying dermis

Front 11

Epidermis

Back 11

Composed of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium:
- Keratinocytes
- Langerhans cells
- Melanocytes
- Merkel cell

Front 12

Keratinocytes is arranged in 5 layers

Back 12

1. Startum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Startum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum

Front 13

Langerhans cells

Back 13

Antigen-presenting cells located among the the cells of the startum spinosum

Front 14

Merkel cells

Back 14

Mechanoreceptors located in the stratum basale

Front 15

Melanocytes

Back 15

Produce melanin (brown coloration to skin) and is located in the stratum basale

Front 16

Dermis

Back 16

- Papillary layer (Meissner corpuscles=mechanoreceptor)
- Reticular layer (Pacinian and ruffini corpuscles)

Front 17

Rete apparatus

Back 17

Interphase between epdermis and dermis

Front 18

Eccrine sweat glands

Back 18

- Merocrine secretion
- Dark and clear cells

Front 19

Apocrine sweat glands

Back 19

Found in the axilla, areola and anal region

Front 20

Sebaceous glands

Back 20

Secrete oily substance known as sebum, which maintains the suppleness of the skin

Front 21

Hair follicles

Back 21

Develop from the epidermis and invade the dermis and hypodermis

Front 22

Layer of hair follicle

Back 22

1. Hair:
- Medulla
- Cortex
- Cuticle
2. Internal root sheath:
- Cuticle
- Huxley's layer
- Henle's layer
3. External root sheath
4. Glassy membrane

Front 23

Arrector pili muscles

Back 23

Smooth muscle cells that extend from midshaft of the hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis

Front 24

Nails

Back 24

Keratinized epithelial cells arranged in plates of hard keratin

Front 25

Conducting portion of the respiratory system

Back 25

Conveys air to and from the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

Front 26

Olfactory region of the nasal cavity

Back 26

Comprise the olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria that houses Bowman's gland and a rich vascular plexus

Front 27

Larynx

Back 27

Responsible for phonation and for preventing the entry of food and fluids into the respiratory system

Front 28

Trachea

Back 28

Three layers:
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Adventitia

Front 29

Respiratory epithelium

Back 29

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium composed of six cell types:
- Goblet cells
- Ciliated columnar cells
- Basal cells
--> Constitute 90% of the cells

Front 30

Bronchial tree

Back 30

- Primary (extrapulmonary) bronchi
- Secondary (intrapulmonary) bronchi
- Bronchioles: Contains "Clara cells" protection
- Terminal bronchioles

Front 31

Respiratory portion of the respiratory system

Back 31

- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Atrium
- Alveolar sac
- Alveoli: type I and larger II pneumocytes

Front 32

Oral mucosa

Back 32

- Lining mucosa
- Masticatory mucosa
- Specialized mucosa

Front 33

Regions of lips

Back 33

- Skin aspect
- Vermillion zone
- Mucous (internal) aspect

Front 34

Teeth

Back 34

- Crown
- Cervix
- Root

Front 35

Enamel

Back 35

Overlies the dentin of the crown --> hardest substance in the body

Front 36

Dentin

Back 36

Bulk of the tooth

Front 37

Cementum

Back 37

Overlies the dentin of the roots

Front 38

Pulp

Back 38

Loose connective tissue, that is richly vascukarized and innervated, surrounded by dentin and communicates with the periodontal ligament via the apical foramen

Front 39

Odontogenesis

Back 39

Begins with the appearance of the dental lamina

Front 40

Stages of odontogenesis

Back 40

1. Bud stage
2. Cap stage
3. Bell stage

Front 41

Peridontal ligament

Back 41

Dense, irregular collagenous connective tissue that suspend the tooth in its alveolus

Front 42

Alveolus

Back 42

Bony socket in which the tooth is suspended by fibers of the periodontal ligament

Front 43

Regions of tongue

Back 43

- Anterior 2/3
- Posterior 1/3
- Roots

Front 44

Lingual papillae

Back 44

- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Foliate
- Circumvallate

Front 45

Layers of alimentary canal

Back 45

- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa (or adventitia)

Front 46

Esophageal mucosa

Back 46

- Startified squamous epithelium
- Lamina propria (fibroelastic)
- Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle layer)

Front 47

Esophageal submucosa

Back 47

Houses mucous glands

Front 48

Esophageal Muscularis externa and adventitia

Back 48

Composed of both skeletal and smooth muscle cells

Front 49

Fundic gland

Back 49

- Mucous neck cells
- Parietal (oxyntic) cells: HCL
- Cheif (Zymogenic) cells: Pepsinogen
- DNES cells: Gastric

Front 50

Luminal surface of small intestine

Back 50

- Plicae circulares
- Villi
- Microvilli
- Crypts of Lieberkun

Front 51

Goblet cells

Back 51

Manufacture importent component in mucus

Front 52

M cells (microfolded cells)

Back 52

Phagocytose and transport antigens from the lumen to the lamina propria

Front 53

Large intestine

Back 53

- Cecum (small outpouching called appendix)
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anus

Front 54

Appendix

Back 54

Richer supply of lymphoid elements and contains many more DNES cells in the cryps of Lieberkuhn

Front 55

Salivary gland

Back 55

- Parotid
- Sublingual
- Submandibular

Front 56

Secretory portions

Back 56

- Serous cells
- Mucous cells
- Myoepithelial cells (basket cells)

Front 57

Duct portions

Back 57

Highly branched and range from very small intercalated ducts to very large principal (terminal) ducts

Front 58

Parotid duct

Back 58

Saliva its produces is serous

Front 59

Sublingual gland

Back 59

Produces mixed saliva

Front 60

Submandibular gland

Back 60

Major portion i serous, even though its mixed

Front 61

Pancreas

Back 61

- Exocrine gland: Digestive juices "Acinar cells"
- Endocrine gland: Hormones "islets of Langerhans"

Front 62

Functions of liver

Back 62

-Endocrine + exocrine --> same cell "hepatocyte" responsible and also for the bile production

Front 63

Three concepts of liver lobule

Back 63

- Classical lobule
- Portal lobule
- Hepatic acinus

Front 64

Perisinusoidal space of disse

Back 64

The narrow space between a plate of hepatocytes and sinusiodal lining cells

Front 65

Hepatic ducts

Back 65

Composed of:
- Cholangioles
- Canals of Hering
- Bile ducts

Front 66

Bile manufacture

Back 66

Composed of water, bile salts, phospholipids, cholestrol, bile pigments and lgA (immune function)

Front 67

Gallbladder

Back 67

Four layers:
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria
- Smooth muscle
- Serosa/Adventitia

Front 68

Gallbladder function

Back 68

Store bile

Front 69

Kidney subdivisions

Back 69

- Outer cortex
- Inner medulla

Front 70

Types of Nephrons

Back 70

- Cortical nephron
- Juxtamedullary nephron

Front 71

Renal corpuscle

Back 71

Composed of:
- Tuft of capillaries
- The glomerules
- Surrounded by Bowman's capsule

Front 72

Glomerulus

Back 72

- Tufts of fenestrated capillaries

Front 73

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 73

Three compartments:
- Macula densa of distal tubule
- Juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent glomerular arteriole
- Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Front 74

Collecting tubules

Back 74

Composed of a simple cuboidal epithelium, convey and modify the ultrafiltrate from the nephron to the minor calyces of the kidney

Front 75

Renal interstitium

Back 75

Loose connective tissue housing three types:
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages
- Interstitial cells

Front 76

Calyces

Back 76

Each minor calyces accepts urine from the renal papilla of the renal pyramid; as many as four minor calyces may deliver their urine to a major calyces

Front 77

Ovaries

Back 77

- Ovarian cortex: Connective tissue stroma that houses ovarian follicles in various stages of development
- Ovarian medulla: Richly vascularized fibroelastic connective tissue (contains connective tissue cells, interstitial cells and hilar cells

Front 78

Ovarian follicles

Back 78

-Primordal
- Primary
- Secondary
- Graafian

Front 79

Ovulation

Back 79

Releasing the secondary oocyte from the graafian follicle is known as ovulation

Front 80

Corpus luteum

Back 80

- Formed from remnants of the graafian follicle.
- Temporary an endocrine gland that manufactures and release hormones that support the uterine endometrium

Front 81

Oviducts (Fallopian tubes)

Back 81

Conduit for spermatozoa to reach the primary oocyte to convey the fertilized egg to the uterus

Front 82

Uterus

Back 82

Muscular organ:
- Fundus
- Body
--> Both contains endo-, myometrium and serosa/adventitia
- Cervix

Front 83

Vagina

Back 83

- Mucosa
- Muscularis
- Adventitia

Front 84

External genitalia of "FRS"

Back 84

- Labia majora
- Labia minora
- Vestibule
- Clitoris

Front 85

Mammary glands
--> compounds + stages

Back 85

- Compound tubuloalveolar glands
- Resting and lactating

Front 86

Mammary gland secretion

Back 86

- Prolactin --> production of milk
- Oxytocin --> Milk ejection reflex

Front 87

Testes

Back 87

Located in the scrotum, are paired organs that produce spermatozoa and testosterone

Front 88

Sertoli cell

Back 88

Blood- testis barrier, androgen binding protein, nourish etc.

Front 89

Leydig cells

Back 89

Located in the vascula vasculosa and secrete testosterone

Front 90

Genital ducts
(from seminiferous tubules --> ejaculation)

Back 90

- Tubuli recti
- Rete testis
- Ductuli efferentes
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
- Prostatic urethra

Front 91

Accessory genital glands

Back 91

- Seminal vesicle (Vicous fluid)
- Prostate gland (Give sperm motility)
- Bulbourethral glands (Lubricating lumen of urethra)

Front 92

Specialized peripheral receptors

Back 92

- Mechanoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Nociceptors

Front 93

Eye

Back 93

Three tunics:
- Fibrous (Sclera + cornea)
- Vascular (Choroid, ciliary body and iris)
- Neural (Retina)

Front 94

Retina

Back 94

1. Pigmented epithelium
2. Layers of rods and cones
3. External limiting membrane
4. Outer nuclear layer
5. Outer plexiform layer
6. Inner nuclear layer
7. Inner plexiform layer
8. Ganglion cell layer
9. Optic nerve fiber layer
10. Inner limiting membrane

Front 95

Ear

Back 95

- Outer (external audtiory meatus + tympanic membrane)
- Middle (malleus, incus and stapes)
- Inner (Bony + membranous labyrinth)

Front 96

Auditory sense

Back 96

Cochlea (housing cochlear duct with organ of corti)

Front 97

Vestibular apparatus

Back 97

- Vestibule (Utricle and saccule --> linear movement)
- Semicircular canals (Semicircular ducts expanded portion "Ampullae" --> Rotational and angular movement