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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tolerance
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When a person's physiological reaction to a drug decreases with repeated administration's of the same dose
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Withdrawal
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Causes physiological changes to occur when blood and tissue concentrations of a drug decrease in individuals who have maintained heavy and prolonged use of a substance
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Symptoms of substance abuse
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Phenomena that frequently occur are flashbacks, synergistic effects, and antagonist effects
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Flashbacks
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transitory recurrences of perceptual disturbances caused by a person's earlier hallucinogenic drug use when he or she is in a drug free state.
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Synergistic effects
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drugs that are taken together the effect of either or both of the drugs is intensified are prolonged, combining alcohol plus a benzodiazapine, alcohol + opiates and alcohol plus a barbiturate: all these drugs are central nervous system depressants
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Antagonistic effect
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drugs combined to inhibit the effect of one of the drugs. cocaine is often mixed with heroine. the heroin (CNS DEPRESSANT) is meant to soften the intense letdown of withdrawal from cocaine(CNS STIMULANT) .
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Naloxone (Narcan)
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Given to pts with opiates overdose to reverse resp and CNS depression
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What group is alcohol abuse most common in?
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Men, young people, whites, unmarried, native Americans, people with low income.
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Characteristics of addiction
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1. Loss of control of substance consumption
2.substance use despite associated problems 3.tendency to relapse |
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Neurotransmitters affected by drug/alcohol abuse
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Oipiod, catecholamines (especially dopamine), & gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)...... Oipiod drugs act on opioid receptors. Alcohol and other CNS depressant act on GABA receptors and increase bioavailability of glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
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Incentive salience
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Is created by dopamine causes the craving of a substance
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CNS drugs
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Include alcohol, benzodiazapine, barbiturates
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Alcohol poisoning
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can result when an individual has consumed large amounts of alcohol quickly or overtime.
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alcohol withdrawl
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early signs of withdrawal developed in a few hours after stopping or reducing alcohol intake. They peak after 24 to 48 hours and then rapidly and dramatically disappear unless the withdrawal progresses to alcohol delirium.
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Alcohol withdrawal sxs
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person may appear hyper alert, Manafest jerky movements, and irritability, startle easily, and subjective distress shaky inside. Grand Mall seizures may appear 7 2 48 hours after cessation of alcohol intake. A kind, warm, and supportive Manor by the nursemay relieve anxiety and give a sense of security.
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illusions
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are usually terrifying for the patient they are misinterpretations, usually of threatening nature of objects in the environment. This can be clarified by telling the patient that was the see is not happening
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How can the nurse reduce feelings of guilt and shame?
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Demonstrate an accepting attitude and show strong support for efforts at recovery.
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Alcohol withdrawal delirium/considered a medical emergency
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will cause death due to sepsis, MI, fat embolism, peripheral vascular collapse, electrolyte imbalance or suicide, aspiration pneumonia. delerium usually peaks 2 to three days after stopping or reducing intake in last 2 to three days
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Features of alcohol withdrawal delerium
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in addition to anxiety, insomnia, anorexia, there is autonomic hyperactivity(tachycardia, diaphoresis, hbp) /severe disturbances in sensorium(disorientation, clouding of consciousness) /perceptual disturbances (visual or tactile hallucinations) /fluctuations in consciousness (from hyper excitability to lethargy) /delusions(paranoid) agitated behaviors, and fever (100-103)
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Sxs of stimulant abuse
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Dilated pupils, dryness of oronasal cavity, excessive motor activity.
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cocaine & crack
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schedule II substance with high abuse potential exerts two main effects on the body anesthetic and stimulant. cocaine blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin.
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Withdrawal - phase 1-crash phase
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Last up to 4 days. depression, Energia, acute onset of agitated depression - craving for drug peaks during this phase with anxiety and paranoia
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Phase II-
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prolonged sense of dysphoria, anhedonia, lack of motivation, intense cravings that can lay up to 10wks. Relapse most likely during second phase.
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Third phase
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Intermittent craving that can last indefinitely
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