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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Prochaska's six stage model |
• Prochaska and DiClemente suggest a six stage model in which overcoming addiction is a cyclical process so people can return back to previous stages and some stages may even be missed out. • The model is based on two insights of about behavioural change: 1. Firstly, people differ in how ready they are to change. Some are thinking about it, some are already taking action and some have decided not to change at all. 2. Secondly, the usefulness of a treatment intervention depends on the stage the person has reached. |
• Prochaska and DiClemente suggest a six stage model in which overcoming addiction is a... |
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Stage 1 – pre-contemplation: |
• People in this stage are not thinking about changing their addiction-related behaviour within the next 6 months. This could be due to denial where the person may not believe they have an addiction or it could be due to demotivation, where the person may have tried quitting before but was unsuccessful so they don’t intend to try again. • Intervention should focus on helping the addicted person to consider the need for change. |
People in this stage are not thinking about changing their addiction-related behaviour within the next.... |
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Stage 2 – contemplation: |
• Someone at this stage is thinking about making a change to their behaviour in the next 6 months. They are aware of both the benefits of change and the costs. • Intervention should focus on helping the person see that the pros outweigh the cons and help them reach a decision to change. |
• Someone at this stage is thinking about making a change to their behaviour in the next.... |
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Stage 3 – preparation: |
• Now the individual believes that the benefits are greater than the costs and has decided to make a change within the next month. However, they have not decided how to do this. • Intervention should provide support in constructing a plan or present them with some options such as seeing a health professional or ring a helpline. |
• Now the individual believes that the benefits are greater than the costs and has decided to make a change within... |
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Stage 4 – action: |
• People at this stage have done something to change their addictive behaviour in the last 6 months. For example, they may be having cognitive treatment or have done something less formal such as removing alcohol from the house. • Intervention should focus on helping the client develop coping skills that they will need in order to quit. |
• People at this stage have done something to change their addictive behaviour in the last... |
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Stage 5 – maintenance: |
• The person has maintained some behavioural change for example stopped drinking alcohol for more than 6 months. • Intervention should focus on relapse prevention by encouraging application of coping skills and offering support. |
• The person has maintained some behavioural change for example... |
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Stage 6 – termination: |
• At this stage abstinence becomes automatic and the person no longer returns to the addictive behaviour to cope with anxiety, stress or loneliness. • Intervention is not required at this stage but it may not be possible or realistic for everyone to reach this point. |
• At this stage abstinence becomes automatic and the person no longer... |
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The desensitisation hypothesis |
Dani and Heinemann’s hypothesis focuses on the neurotransmitter dopamine. • Neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) produce dopamine. • These neurons have acetylcholine (ACH) receptors which are known as nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). • When nicotine binds to nicotinic receptors, the neuron is stimulated and produces dopamine. • The receptors shut down within milliseconds and cannot respond to the neurotransmitters. • This leads to the desensitisation of the neuron, leading to downregulation, which is when fewer active neurons are available. • When dopamine is released from the VTA it is transmitted along the mesocortical pathway and the mesolimbic pathway to the nucleus accumbens, to be released in the frontal cortex. • The dopamine reward system creates a sense of pleasure such as mild euphoria, which becomes associated with nicotine intake. |
Dani and Heinemann’s hypothesis focuses on the neurotransmitter dopamine. • Neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) produce.... |
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The nicotine regulation model |
• When smoker go without nicotine for a prolonged period, for example when they are sleeping, nicotine is metabolised and disappears from their body. • This allows nicotinic receptors to become functional again, so neurons resensitise and more become available. This is known as upregulation. • Because more nicotinic receptors are available but not stimulates, the smoker experiences acute withdrawal syndrome with symptoms including anxiety and agitation. • The increase in Ach transmission becomes associated with decreased dopamine functioning. • According to the nicotine regulation model, this explains how nicotine dependence is maintained as the smoker is motivated to avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. • This is why smokers describe their first cigarette of the day as the most pleasurable as it reactivates the dopamine reward system. • Repetition of this process over time creates chronic desensitisation of nicotinic receptors which can only be overcome by increasing nicotine intake, in other words tolerance develops. |
• When smoker go without nicotine for a prolonged period, for example when... |
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Ways of reducing addiction |
1)CBT 2)Drug therapy 3)Behavioural interventions |
CBT... Drug... Behavioural... |
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CBT includes |
Functional analysis Skills training Cognitive restructuring Specific skills |
Functional... Skills... Cognitive... Specific... |
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CBT |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become addicted by providing coping strategies. • There are two key elements to CBT - 1. First CBT identifies and tackles the cognitive distortions that underlie the addiction, replacing them with more adaptive ways of thinking (functional analysis). 2. Secondly, skills training helps the client to develop coping strategies to avoid the high-risk situations that trigger addiction related behaviours. |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become...
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CBT |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become addicted by providing coping strategies. • There are two key elements to CBT - 1. First CBT identifies and tackles the cognitive distortions that underlie the addiction, replacing them with more adaptive ways of thinking (functional analysis). 2. Secondly, skills training helps the client to develop coping strategies to avoid the high-risk situations that trigger addiction related behaviours. |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become...
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Functional analysis |
• CBT starts with the client and therapist identifying the high risk situations that leads to the clients alcohol use or gambling. • The therapist then reflects on what the client is thinking before, during and after such a situation. • The quality of the client therapist relationship is therefore critical, it should be warm, collaborative and responsive but not cosy. This is because the therapist must challenge the client’s cognitive distortions. • The functional analysis is on-going and therefore valuable in two ways. 1. Firstly, it helps the client identify the triggers for their addiction, which is a necessary for a starting point. 2. Secondly, it helps the client to work out the circumstances in which they are still having problems with coping. |
• CBT starts with the client and therapist identifying the high risk situations that leads to the clients alcohol.... |
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CBT |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become addicted by providing coping strategies. • There are two key elements to CBT - 1. First CBT identifies and tackles the cognitive distortions that underlie the addiction, replacing them with more adaptive ways of thinking (functional analysis). 2. Secondly, skills training helps the client to develop coping strategies to avoid the high-risk situations that trigger addiction related behaviours. |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become...
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Functional analysis |
• CBT starts with the client and therapist identifying the high risk situations that leads to the clients alcohol use or gambling. • The therapist then reflects on what the client is thinking before, during and after such a situation. • The quality of the client therapist relationship is therefore critical, it should be warm, collaborative and responsive but not cosy. This is because the therapist must challenge the client’s cognitive distortions. • The functional analysis is on-going and therefore valuable in two ways. 1. Firstly, it helps the client identify the triggers for their addiction, which is a necessary for a starting point. 2. Secondly, it helps the client to work out the circumstances in which they are still having problems with coping. |
• CBT starts with the client and therapist identifying the high risk situations that leads to the clients alcohol.... |
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Skills training |
Is when the therapist helps the client work on a range of skills training techniques, such as cognitive restructuring, specific skills and social skills, which helps with coping. |
Is when the therapist helps the client work on a range of... |
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CBT |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become addicted by providing coping strategies. • There are two key elements to CBT - 1. First CBT identifies and tackles the cognitive distortions that underlie the addiction, replacing them with more adaptive ways of thinking (functional analysis). 2. Secondly, skills training helps the client to develop coping strategies to avoid the high-risk situations that trigger addiction related behaviours. |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become...
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Functional analysis |
• CBT starts with the client and therapist identifying the high risk situations that leads to the clients alcohol use or gambling. • The therapist then reflects on what the client is thinking before, during and after such a situation. • The quality of the client therapist relationship is therefore critical, it should be warm, collaborative and responsive but not cosy. This is because the therapist must challenge the client’s cognitive distortions. • The functional analysis is on-going and therefore valuable in two ways. 1. Firstly, it helps the client identify the triggers for their addiction, which is a necessary for a starting point. 2. Secondly, it helps the client to work out the circumstances in which they are still having problems with coping. |
• CBT starts with the client and therapist identifying the high risk situations that leads to the clients alcohol.... |
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Skills training |
Is when the therapist helps the client work on a range of skills training techniques, such as cognitive restructuring, specific skills and social skills, which helps with coping. |
Is when the therapist helps the client work on a range of... |
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Cognitive restructuring |
• Confronts and challenges the biases and faulty beliefs. • For example, a gambler may hold faulty beliefs about probability and control in gambling. So the therapist may give the client information about how to challenge these faulty beliefs. |
• Confronts and challenges the biases and... |
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CBT |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become addicted by providing coping strategies. • There are two key elements to CBT - 1. First CBT identifies and tackles the cognitive distortions that underlie the addiction, replacing them with more adaptive ways of thinking (functional analysis). 2. Secondly, skills training helps the client to develop coping strategies to avoid the high-risk situations that trigger addiction related behaviours. |
• Aims to change the faulty ways of thinking that lead people to become...
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Functional analysis |
• CBT starts with the client and therapist identifying the high risk situations that leads to the clients alcohol use or gambling. • The therapist then reflects on what the client is thinking before, during and after such a situation. • The quality of the client therapist relationship is therefore critical, it should be warm, collaborative and responsive but not cosy. This is because the therapist must challenge the client’s cognitive distortions. • The functional analysis is on-going and therefore valuable in two ways. 1. Firstly, it helps the client identify the triggers for their addiction, which is a necessary for a starting point. 2. Secondly, it helps the client to work out the circumstances in which they are still having problems with coping. |
• CBT starts with the client and therapist identifying the high risk situations that leads to the clients alcohol.... |
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Skills training |
Is when the therapist helps the client work on a range of skills training techniques, such as cognitive restructuring, specific skills and social skills, which helps with coping. |
Is when the therapist helps the client work on a range of... |
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Cognitive restructuring |
• Confronts and challenges the biases and faulty beliefs. • For example, a gambler may hold faulty beliefs about probability and control in gambling. So the therapist may give the client information about how to challenge these faulty beliefs. |
• Confronts and challenges the biases and... |
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Specific skills |
CBT focuses on the wider aspects of the clients life related to their addiction. So the client is taught specific skills to help them cope with the situations. For example, in the case of a lack of skills to cope with situations that trigger alcohol use: 1. Assertiveness training could be used to help the client deal with interpersonal conflicts that may trigger their addictive behaviour. 2. Anger management training is also used which helps clients cope with the situations that make them angry which makes them resort to drinking. |
CBT focuses on the wider aspects of the clients life related to their addiction. So the client is taught.... |
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Social skills |
• Benefit the client as they develop key skills that allow them to cope with anxiety in social situations. For example, trying not to drink alcohol at a wedding. • Social skills training helps the client refuse alcohol in ways that avoid embarrassment such as making eye contact and being firm in refusing to drink. • The therapist explains how the skill is performed which the client then imitates using role play. |
• Benefit the client as they develop key skills that allow them to.... |
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Social skills |
• Benefit the client as they develop key skills that allow them to cope with anxiety in social situations. For example, trying not to drink alcohol at a wedding. • Social skills training helps the client refuse alcohol in ways that avoid embarrassment such as making eye contact and being firm in refusing to drink. • The therapist explains how the skill is performed which the client then imitates using role play. |
• Benefit the client as they develop key skills that allow them to.... |
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Drug therapy for nicotine addiction: |
• Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) comes in the forms of gum, inhalers and patches to deliver nicotine in a less harmful way. • NRT operates neurochemically by binding to nicotine acetylcholine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway, stimulating the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, just as it does in smoking cigarette. • Using NRT means that the amount of nicotine can be reduced overtime, for example by using smaller and smaller patches, thus reducing the aversiveness of withdrawal symptoms. |
• Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) comes in the forms of gum, inhalers and patches to deliver..... |
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Social skills |
• Benefit the client as they develop key skills that allow them to cope with anxiety in social situations. For example, trying not to drink alcohol at a wedding. • Social skills training helps the client refuse alcohol in ways that avoid embarrassment such as making eye contact and being firm in refusing to drink. • The therapist explains how the skill is performed which the client then imitates using role play. |
• Benefit the client as they develop key skills that allow them to.... |
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Drug therapy for nicotine addiction: |
• Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) comes in the forms of gum, inhalers and patches to deliver nicotine in a less harmful way. • NRT operates neurochemically by binding to nicotine acetylcholine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway, stimulating the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, just as it does in smoking cigarette. • Using NRT means that the amount of nicotine can be reduced overtime, for example by using smaller and smaller patches, thus reducing the aversiveness of withdrawal symptoms. |
• Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) comes in the forms of gum, inhalers and patches to deliver..... |
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Drug therapy for gambling addiction: |
• The neurochemical explanation of gambling addiction is that it taps into the same dopamine reward system as heroin, nicotine and other drugs. • Opioid antagonists such as naltrexone dampen the cravings to gamble by: enhancing the release of the neurotransmitter GABA in the mesolimbic pathway which reduces the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. This then reduces the cravings to gamble. |
• The neurochemical explanation of gambling addiction is that it taps into the.... |
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Social skills |
• Benefit the client as they develop key skills that allow them to cope with anxiety in social situations. For example, trying not to drink alcohol at a wedding. • Social skills training helps the client refuse alcohol in ways that avoid embarrassment such as making eye contact and being firm in refusing to drink. • The therapist explains how the skill is performed which the client then imitates using role play. |
• Benefit the client as they develop key skills that allow them to.... |
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Drug therapy for nicotine addiction: |
• Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) comes in the forms of gum, inhalers and patches to deliver nicotine in a less harmful way. • NRT operates neurochemically by binding to nicotine acetylcholine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway, stimulating the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, just as it does in smoking cigarette. • Using NRT means that the amount of nicotine can be reduced overtime, for example by using smaller and smaller patches, thus reducing the aversiveness of withdrawal symptoms. |
• Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) comes in the forms of gum, inhalers and patches to deliver..... |
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Drug therapy for gambling addiction: |
• The neurochemical explanation of gambling addiction is that it taps into the same dopamine reward system as heroin, nicotine and other drugs. • Opioid antagonists such as naltrexone dampen the cravings to gamble by: enhancing the release of the neurotransmitter GABA in the mesolimbic pathway which reduces the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. This then reduces the cravings to gamble. |
• The neurochemical explanation of gambling addiction is that it taps into the.... |
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Behavioural interventions include: |
1)Aversion therapy 2)Covert sensitisation |
Aversion... Covert... |
