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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Are Teleost fish freshwater or saltwater fish?
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both, isosmotic to environment
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Though reptiles and birds drink salt water, what organ do they use to get rid of salt?
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salt glands
rectal glands |
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how do salt glands function?
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actively transport NaCl into a lumen which is excreted down the nasal canal
(really an electrogenic Cl- pump, but Na passively follows) |
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how do rectal glands function?
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same as salt glands- actively transports Cloride ions into rectal lumen, with Na passively following
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marine mammals get rid of excess ions by:
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secreting a small urine volume with high ion concentration
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What 3 ways can terrestrial animals can take up water to prevent hydration?
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1. drink water
2. absorb water through body surface(atmosphere) 3. metabolic water in food |
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what is special about a tenibrio (yellow meal worm)?
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they have a specialized rectal complex that can absorb h20 from the atmosphere
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what are 3 ways terrestrial animals could lose water?
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1. urine
2.feces 3. evaporation over body surface |
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What is so special about the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys?
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it doesn't drink water, only eats dry seeds- gets water metabolically from food
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where does most of the kangaroo rat evaporation occur?
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across their respiratory tract
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In the kangaroo rat study, how does relative humidity affect water loss/gain?
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though metabolic water gain is the same, with low relative humidity no water can be reabsorbed , and respiratory evaporation is higher. Net gain of water with 50% RH is higher than 0% RH
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How does the urine osmolarity concentration (to blood plasma) of humans compare with that of the kangaroo rat?
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the kangaroo rat is able to concentrate their urine 16 times higher than their blood plasma, whereas humans can only concentrate their urine 4x higher than their blood plasma
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How can the kangaroo rat concentrate their urine so immensely?
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they have a longer loop of Henle- aka a more efficient kidney so a greater osmolarity of urine can be excreted
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What is special about the kangaroo rat trachea?
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-countercurrent heat exchanger
-a very long and narrow trachea when the rate breathes it condenses the air from the atmosphere |
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What is inside of a camel hump and what does the camel use it for?
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lipids-metabolized for water and energy
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What is the max osmolarity a camel can concentrate their urine to?
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3200mOsm
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what is the max osmolarity for human urine?
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1400mOsm
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what is the max osmolarity for kangaroo rat urine?
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6000mOsm
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Camels can lose up to _____% of their body weight as water.
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25%
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the max body weight as water than a human can lose is ____%.
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5%
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Despite a camel's 25% water loss, a camel is able to maintain what?
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a constant blood volume
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Are camels homeotherms or poikilotherms?
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homeotherms- their body maintains a steady temperature despite the temperature of their environment
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At what temperature will camels begin to sweat?
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105 degrees F
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Camels can avoid explosive heat death since they are able to lose up to 25% of their body weight in water. What is explosive heat death?
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where the body heats up, water is lost and the blood volume begins to decrease. this makes blood higher in viscocity (thicker) and causes the heart to work harder. heat does not dissipate since there is decreased circulation. therefore inc. body heat leads to death.
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at what time of day does the camel release its stored body heat?
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at night when the relative humidity is high and the ambient temp is low
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What physical characteristic helps camels reduce heat loss?
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thick insulation (fur) and high body mass
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What is an amazing property of camels?
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the camel can stop urination and store its urea in tissue!!
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Camel nose turbinates are similar to the kangaroo rate trachea since inhaled air transforms from ______to ______ and condenses to be reabsorbed.
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warm to cool
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what is the term hygroscopic?
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readily takes up water vapor
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turbinates of the camel and the trachea of the kangaroo rat are examples of _______ _________.
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countercurrent exchange
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