Ad-Dev Vocab For Chapter 1: Introduction

Front 1

Adolescence

Back 1

A period of the life course between the time puberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture

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Life-cycle service

Back 2

A period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to the 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts.

Front 3

Youth

Back 3

Prior to the late 19th century, the term used to refer to persons in their teens and early twenties

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Child study movement

Back 4

Late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley Hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in teh family, school, and workplace.

Front 5

Recapitulation

Back 5

Now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole.

Front 6

Storm and stress

Back 6

theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior.

Front 7

National Survey

Back 7

questionnaire study that involves asking a sample of persons in a country to respond to questions about their opinions, beliefs or behavior

Front 8

Survey

Back 8

a questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior

Front 9

Stratified sampling

Back 9

sampling technique in which researchers select participants sot hat various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population

Front 10

Random sample

Back 10

sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else

Front 11

Menarche

Back 11

a girl's first menstrual period

Front 12

Emerging adulthood

Back 12

period from roughly ages 18 to 25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments

Front 13

Lamarckian

Back 13

reference to Lamarck's ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to teh next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics.

Front 14

Early adolescence

Back 14

period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14

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Late adolescence

Back 15

period of human development lasting from about age 15 to about age 18

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Individualism

Back 16

cultural belief system that emphasizes the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression

Front 17

Collectivism

Back 17

a set of belief asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being and success of the group.

Front 18

Interdependence

Back 18

the web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups

Front 19

Scientific method

Back 19

a systematic way of finding the answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure and measures

Front 20

Hypothesis

Back 20

ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study

Front 21

Sampling

Back 21

collecting data on a subset of the members of a group

Front 22

Procedure

Back 22

standards for the way a study is conducted. Includes informed consent and certain rules for avoiding biases in the data collection.

Front 23

Method

Back 23

a scientific strategy for collecting data

Front 24

Sample

Back 24

the people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest

Front 25

Population

Back 25

the entire group of people of interest in a study

Front 26

Representative

Back 26

characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest

Front 27

Generalizable

Back 27

characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest

Front 28

Informed consent

Back 28

standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks

Front 29

Consent form

Back 29

written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks.

Front 30

Reliability

Back 30

characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion

Front 31

Validity

Back 31

the truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure

Front 32

Closed question

Back 32

questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question

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Open-ended question

Back 33

questionnaire format that involves writing in responses to each question

Front 34

Interview

Back 34

research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format, such that people's answers are in their own words

Front 35

Qualitative

Back 35

data that is collected in verbal rather than numerical form, usually in interviews

Front 36

Quantitative

Back 36

data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires

Front 37

Ethnographic research

Back 37

research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them

Front 38

Ethnography

Back 38

a book that presents an anthropologist's observations of what life is like in a particular culture

Front 39

Harvard Adolescence Project

Back 39

project initiated by Beatrice and John Whiting of Harvard University in the 1980's, in which they sent young scholars to do ethnographic research in seven different cultures in various parts of the world

Front 40

Experimental research method

Back 40

a research method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received a treatement and a control group that does not receive the treatment then comparing the two groups in a postest

Front 41

Experimental group

Back 41

in experimental research, the group that receives the treatment

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Control group

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in experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment

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Interventions

Back 43

programs intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of the participants

Front 44

Natural experiment

Back 44

a situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to teh perceptive observer

Front 45

Monozygotic twins

Back 45

twins with exactly the same genotype.

Front 46

Dizygotic twins

Back 46

twins with about half their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings.

Front 47

Correlation vs Causation

Back 47

a correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other. However, just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other

Front 48

Longitudinal study

Back 48

a study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion

Front 49

Peer-reviewed

Back 49

when a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholar's peers for scientific credibility and importance

Front 50

Ecological theory

Back 50

Urie Bronfenbrenner's sociocultural theory of human development, with five interrelated systems: the microsystem (the immediate environment), the mesosystem (connections between microsystems), the exosystem (intitutions such as schools and community organizations), the macrosystem (the overarching system of cultural beliefs and values), and teh chronosystem (the changes in the individual and teh cultural environment over time).

Front 51

Microsystem

Back 51

Bronfenbrenner's term for the settings where people experience their daily lives, including relationships with parents, siblings, peers/friends, teachers, and employers

Front 52

Context

Back 52

the environmental settings in which development takes place

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Mesosystem

Back 53

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the network of interconnections between microsystems

Front 54

Exosystem

Back 54

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, societal institutions such as schools, religious institutions, systems of government, and media

Front 55

Macrosystem

Back 55

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the broad system of cultural beliefs and values, and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values

Front 56

Chronosystem

Back 56

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theoyr, changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes

Front 57

Patriarchal authority

Back 57

cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children

Front 58

Chador or Burka

Back 58

a garment that covers the hair and most of the face, worn by many girls and women in Muslim societies

Front 59

Filial piety

Back 59

Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father

Front 60

Caste system

Back 60

Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A person's caste then determines their status in Indian society

Front 61

Globalization

Back 61

increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally

Front 62

Bicultural

Back 62

having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures

Front 63

Resilience

Back 63

overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy developmnet