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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
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1. Which of the following statements regarding anuran skin function is FALSE:
a. water, ion and gas exchange occurs throughout the body surface area b. serves an important function in respiration, water blance, communication, and defence c. anuran integument is permeable to gas and water in each direction d. gas exchane is controlled by changes in dermal folding and secretions |
a. is false. Skin regions are not evenly permeable to water. The seat (pelvic) patch is an area of skin specialized for water absorption; responsible for 70% of water uptake
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2. Nitrogenous waste excretion in anurans occurs predominantly as:
a. urea in tadpoles and aquatic species b. urea in majority of species c. uric acid in majority of species d. none of the above |
b. is correct. Urea is the predominant nitrogenous waste produced by anurans. However, ammonia is produced by tadpoles and aquatic species; some terrestrial anurans produce uric acid.
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3. Hormones involved in the control of amphibian water balance include:
a. ACTH and vasotocin b. oxytocin and prolactin c. cortisol and ACTH d. vasotocin and oxytocin |
d. is correct. These neurohypophyseal hormones increase water absorption through skin and bladder and reduce GFR.
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4. Accumulation of fluid in the body cavity and subcutaneous spaces of anurans indicates:
a. normal water conservation and storage under periods of dehydration b. uncommon manifestaion of illness c. suggest blockage or failure of the cardiovascular system d. none of the above |
d. is correct. Such fluid accumulation is a common and serious manifestation of disease and reflects total body water increase or fluid shifts. This condition is life-threatning due to potential pulmonary collapse and circulatory compromise.
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1. Which of the following statements regarding amphibian husbandry is FALSE?
a. hard water provides an important source of calcium for tadpoles b. anurans do better above than below their POTZ c. chemical purification is less desirable than passive aging for water quality d. dilute chlorine bleach is the preferred disinfectant |
b. is false. Anurans do better below their POTZ due to risk of dessication at higher ambient temperatures.
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6. Which agent is preferred for amphibian anesthesia?
a. clove oil (eugenol) b. isoflurane c. tricaine methanesulphonate d. propofol |
c. is correct. MS-222 (triaine methanesulphonate) is highly acidic and should be buffered prior to use. It is most effective when administered as an immersion agent.
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7. Which of the following statements regarding anurans is FALSE?
a. Protective antimicrobial peptides are found in skin b. Transdermal respiration and physiologic ability to resist hypoxia and acidosis even when gular and pulmonary ventilation ceases c. All life stages are carnivorous d. Require access to water for reproduction |
c. is false. Adults are carnivorous. Most tadpoles are herbivorous or omnivorous
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1. Orange-colored skin vesicle along the ventral hindlimbs a tree frog is most likely caused by:
a. trombiculid mites b. inappropriate husbandry c. Ranavirus d. normal appearance for adult sexually mature male |
a. is correct. Hannemania sp. trombiculid mites found infesting wild-caught canyon tree frogs. Typical gross lesions included orange-colored skin vesicles predominantly along ventrum and ventral limbs. Mortality observed with ulcerative dermatitis and necrosis extending to muscle. Treatment with transdermal ivermectin + environmental cleanup
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2. Pathologic findings associated with Chloromyxoum sp. infection in Asian horned frogs include:
a. Nodular granulomas in most internal organs b. Limb agenesis or duplication in tadpoles c. Nonsuppurative tubulointerstitial nephritis d. Self-limiting tumor-like skin masses |
c. is correct. Route of infection and pathophysiology for this myxosporidian renal parasite in Asian horned frogs unknown; mortality with renal tubular dilatation and necrosis with mild to severe nonsuppurative tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with vegetative stage in one case report; myxosporidian also previously identified in renal tissues of Asian horned frogs with minimal pathology and no associated mortality paper out of detroit
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3. Based on current understanding of amphibian pain perception, which drug group(s) has the most potential clinical benefit as an analgesic?
a. alpha-2-agonists b. tiletamine-zolazepam c. opioids d. MS-222 |
c. is correct. Alpha-2 agonists, ketamine, and MS-222 may also have analgesic potential but medetomidine has been shown to be unsuitable as a sole anesthetic agent.
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4. Based on current studies, which anesthetic agent(s) is most useful in amphibians:
a. clove oil b. medetomidine c. propofol d. tiletamine-zolazepam |
a. is the most correct choice listed. MS-222 remains the best anesthetic choice in reptiles. Medetomidine is unsuitable as a sole anesthetic agent. Telazol has been shown to have large interspecific variability in sedation and analgesia and mortalities have been associated at higher dosages. Propofol may be useful as a sedative but surgical anesthesia not attained.
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5. The most common side effect(s) of eugenol administration in anurans is:
a. prolonged recovery, poor analgesia, death b. cardiovascular depression, gastric prolapse, prolonged recovery c. gastric prolapse, tachycardia, apnea d. cardiovascular depression, incomplete sedation, death |
b. is correct. In one study, 75% of animals became apneic and 50% experienced gastric prolapse with spontaneous resolution. FYI : eugenol is active component of clove oil.
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6. Malformations in free-living anurans are strongly linked to:
a. agricultural pesticide use b. environmental retinoids c. UVB radiation d. some of the above |
d. is correct. Current hypothesis include exposure to trematodes (tadpole stage), retinoids, and UVB radiation. Early hypothesis suggested local pesticide use.
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7. Clinical pathology findings in tree frogs with experimentally-induced corneal lipid deposition include:
a. elevated cholesterol and LDL b. elevated cholesterol and VLDL c. elevated cholesterol and HDL d. elevated cholesterol, HDL, and LDL with lowered VLDL |
a. is correct. Clinically affected frogs had elevated cholesterol and LDL compared to unaffected frogs. In general, captive tree frogs have higher VLDL and LDL than free-ranging tree frogs
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8. Factors associated with higher prevalence of corneal lipidosis in tree frogs include:
a. male, captive, high cholesterol diet b. female, captive, high cholesterol diet c. female, captive, undergoing vitellogenesis d. either gender, captive, high cholesterol diet |
d. is correct. In one study, there was no difference between genders in terms of prevalence of corneal lipidosis; however, cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL elevations higher in females than males. Lesions were more prevalent in frogs on a high-cholesterol diet and occurred after animals had been in captivity for several months to a year. There was no evidence that increased cholesterol in females was related to vitellogenesis.
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9. Increasing the calcium content of crickets used for food is best accomplished by which method:
a. Dusting with calcium carbonate b. Dipping in calcium gluconate c. Feeding a fortified dry diet d. None of the above |
c. is correct.
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10. Which of the following statements regarding vitellogenin is FALSE?
a. mediates ovarian growth and yolk development b. protein synthesized in the liver c. under the influence of ovarian steroids d. none of the above |
d. is the correct answer; a-c are all true statements. A protein precursor for several yolk proteins, vitellogenin is synthesized in the liver after estrogen stimulation, and carried in the bloodstream to the ovary. FYI: the detection of vitellogenin via ELISA in the plasma of male fish has been used as a biomarker for environmental estrogen exposure.
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11. Mucormycosis affects which free-ranging species?
a. cane toads b. green tree frogs c. platypus d. all of the above |
d. is correct. A zygomycete, Mucor amphibiorum causes systemic granulomatous disease in both introduced and native free-ranging Australian anurans. This agent also causes ulcerative dermatitis and systemic granulomas in platypus.
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1. Which of the following is a leading cause of mortality in free-ranging Wyoming toads?
a. Mucor sp. b. Basidiobolus ranarum c. Aeromonas hydrophila d. All of the above |
b. is correct. Mycotic dermatitis caused by B. ranarum is a leading cause of mortality in both wild and captive WY toads, with A. hydrophila the most prevalent secondary bacterial contaminant. Fatal mucormycotic dermatitis has been documented in captive WY toads following hibernation.
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1. Which of the following fungal etiologies in anurans is characterized by fungal hyphae in the epidermis without inflammatory response or systemic involvement?
a. Mucor amphibiorum in cane toads b. Basidiobolus ranarum in WY toad c. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in dendrobatids d. Mucor sp. in WY toad |
d. is correct. Mucor sp. infection of WY toad is unique because it causes a fatal dermatitis without inflammatory response or systemic involvement. M. amphibiorum induces systemic granulomatous disease; this is the only fungus listed that causes systemic disease. B. ranarum and B. dendrobatidis cause a severe ulcerative dermatitis.
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1. Which of the following clinicopathologic attributes is/are common to Mucor, Basidiobolus, and Batrachochytrium infection of anurans?
a. Lesions begin on ventrum or toes b. Proposed environmental origin c. Linked to concurrent ranavirus infection d. Associated with amphibian population declines |
b. is correct. All have a proposed environmental origin for transmission.
Ventral skin or toe hyperemia = Basidiobolus, Mucor sp., possibly Batrachochytrium, but not M. amphibiorum. Linked to ranavirus infection= none. Associated with amphibian population declines = Batrachochytrium, possibly Basidiobolus. |
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1. The most consistent clinical sign in dendrobatids experimentally exposed to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is:
a. excessive shedding of skin b. raised hyperemic nodules along ventral skin c. abdominal edema d. dorsal skin darkening |
a. is correct. Large amounts of gray-white-tan, opaque shed skin with skin tags on feet, legs, abdomen
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1. Which of the following is the first amphibian disease to be placed on the OIE Wildlife Disease List?
a. Frog ranavirus b. Lucke’s herpesvirus c. Chytridiomycosis d. Red-leg syndrome |
c. is correct. Moved between countries via infected amphibians; usually spreads as an epidemic wave. Water in contact with amphibians should be considered contaminated for up to 7 weeks.
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1. Common diseases of captive caecilians include all of the following except:
a. gout b. dysecdysis c. MBD d. gas bubble disease |
a. gout is uncommon, but does occur. other common diseases include renal and liver disease (multiple etiologies), bloat, cloacal prolapse, drowning
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1. Unique characteristics of reproduction in caecilians include:
a. external fertilization and parental care b. larvae do not undergo metamorphosis c. oviductal secretions sustain larvae post-hatch d. sexual dimorphism |
b. is correct. caecilians undergo internal fertilization and receive parental care; oviductal secretions sustain viviparous larvae in utero; sexual dimorphism is not apparent
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1. Appropriate husbandry requirements for caecilians include all of the following except:
a. moist vermiculite, peat moss, manure at 3-10 cm b. full spectrum lighting on a diurnal cycle c. an area to allow aquatic species to leave the water d. 70-80% humidity with a moisture gradient |
a. is false. Vermiculite should not e used as it is a potential foreign body. Peat moss and manure are acidic and skin irritants.
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1. An animal adapted for burrowing is referred to:
a. arboreal b. fossorial c. terrestrial d. none of the above |
b. is correct
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1. Attributes of the caecilian tentacle include:
a. chemosensory and tactile function b. connection to the tear duct and vomeronasal organ c. all of the above d. none of the above |
c. is correct. this tentacle is the primary means of sensation because caecilian eyes visual only light intensity (caecilian = blind) and auditory senses are limited as caecilians lack an outer and middle ear
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1. Which of the following statements regarding caecilians is FALSE:
a. scales covered by skin b. produce a hemolytic toxin c. vestigial limbs, pelvic and thoracic girdle similar to snakes d. functioning right lung, vestigial left lung |
c. is false. No vestigial limbs or girdles present. Hemolytic toxin produced by skin glands can be irritating to mucous membranes. Mucous and/or housing some caecilians with fish have been believed to induce fish mortality.
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1. Which of the following statements regarding caecilians is TRUE:
a. diurnal limbless amphibians b. short lifespans (< 5year) c. lack a functional bone marrow d. ovoid bodies divided into annual rings |
c. is correct. Hematopoiesis occurs in liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus. Most species are nocturnal with longevity of 11-20 years. Elongated, cylindrical limbless bodies with annual rings.
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1. Which of the following statements regarding Urodela is FALSE:
a. oviparous and external fertilization b. neoplastic disease is common c. limb regeneration occurs d. none of the above |
d. is correct
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1. Unique characteristics of urodelan hematology include:
a. both nucleated and nonucleated RBC b. extremely variable PCV c. both a and b d. none of the above |
c. is correct. nonucleated RBC (erythroplastids) are found in some lungless salamanders; variability is due in part to variability in collection and possibly lymph dilution
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1. Which of the following amphibian life stage is the only one with an herbivorous feeding strategy:
a. adult caecilians b. larval urodeans c. larval anurans d. adult anurans |
c. is correct. tadpoles are herbivorous, but adult anurans are carnivorous. both adult and larval life stages of caecilians and urodelans are carnivorous
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1. Anatomical characteristics NOT a feature of urodelans include:
a. gills b. lateral line organ c. lungs d. all of the above |
d. is correct.
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1. Which of the following characteristics are correctly linked to a species of Urodela:
a. amphimuas = greatly reduced limbs b. sirens = small forelimbs and no hindlimbs c. adult salamanders are more terrestrial than newts d. all of the above |
d. is correct
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1. Neoteny is a characteristic of:
a. gaboon caecalian b. tailed frog c. axolotl d. dentrobatids |
c. is correct. neoteny = attainment of sexual maturity by juveniles; axolotl are completely aquatic, gilled urodelans; adult metamorphosis may be induced by adding thyroxin to the water
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1. When choosing a drug for use in anurans, dosages should be based on which of the following guidelines:
a. use a metabolically-scaled reptile dose b. use dosages safely applied in reptiles c. use dosages higher than those used in reptiles d. use dosages lower than those used in reptiles |
c. is correct. anurans have low BMR but high rates of fluid turnover, placing them (kinetically) between mammals and reptiles. dosages higher than those administered for reptiles should be used, especially for renal-excreted drugs. because few amphibian kinetic studies exist, these are only general guidelines
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1. Failure of tadpole metamorphosis is most often due to:
a. water supersaturation b. iodine deficiency c. thiamine deficiency d. hypervitaminosis A |
b. is correct. iodine is essential for metamorphosis; tadpoles fail to metamorphose and grow to unnatural size. treat with iodine supplementation and thyroxine; may be associated with feeding goitrogens in Brassica (spinach, cabbage)
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1. Spindly-leg syndrome in captive anurans is characterized by:
a. absence or duplication of hindlimbs b. absent or supernumerary digits of either fore- or hindlimbs with curved tails c. hypoplasia of forelimb muscle and bone d. flaccid hindlimb paralysis accompanied by other neurological symptoms |
c. is correct. possible nutritional deficiency in adults or tadpoles that result in absent, small immobile forelimbs with hypoplasia of forelimb bones and muscles; water chemistry, other factors likely involved as well
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1. The correct definition of ectromelia is:
a. mass reproducers b. eye displacement c. nutritionally-related follicular stasis d. limb or digit agenesis |
d. is correct
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1. Clinical appearance of trematode infections of juvenile anurans typically include:
a. cercariae throughout many organs b. supranumeray limb development c. GI obstruction and loss of condition d. none of the above |
b. is correct. cercarie formation in or around tadpole limb buds disrupts limb formation leading to supranumery limb development. disseminated cercariae formation is apparent in adult anurans. the trematodes listed in F5 do not appear to be heavy parasites of GIT; however, GI obstruction can be observed with cestode infection
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1. Causative agents implicated in wild amphibian malformations include:
a. nutritional agents, pesticides, infectious agents b. chytridiomycosis and other emerging fungal agents c. all of the above d. none of the above |
a. is correct. pesticides, retinoids, and trematode infections have been implicated, but in many cases, no etiologic agent has been identified
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1. Which of the following statements best describes bacterial disease in anurans:
a. acid-fast bacterial infections are caused by nontuberculous organisms b. fecal Salmonella prevalence is high but clinical infection is rare c. “red leg” is a blanket term for anuran bacterial disease d. all of the above |
d. is correct. external and internal immunosuppressive factors together with other infectious agents (viral) play a significant or even primary role in amphibian bacterial disease
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1. Renal carcinoma in a northern leopard frog is most likely caused by which etiologic agent:
a. herpesvirus b. iridovirus c. retrovirus d. adenovirus |
a. is correct. Lucke renal carcinoma in northern leopard frogs is caused by a herpesvirus; most widely studied anuran neoplasm; prevalence rates as high as 100% in captive and wild frogs
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1. The virus group most commonly isolated from anurans is:
a. herpesvirus b. iridovirus c. retrovirus d. adenovirus |
b. is correct. iridoviruses are possibly the primary pathogens implicated in outbreaks of bacterial red leg disease
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1. Hormones involved in the control of amphibian water balance include:
a. ACTH and vasotocin b. oxytocin and prolactin c. cortisol and ACTH d. vasotocin and oxytocin |
d. is correct. These neurohypophyseal hormones increase water absorption through skin and bladder and reduce GFR.
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1. Nitrogenous waste excretion in anurans occurs predominantly as:
a. urea in tadpoles and aquatic species b. urea in majority of species c. uric acid in majority of species d. none of the above |
b. is correct. Urea is the predominant nitrogenous waste produced by anurans. However, tadpoles and aquatic species produce ammonia; some terrestrial anurans produce uric acid.
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1. Which of the following statements regarding anuran skin function is FALSE:
a. water, ion and gas exchange occurs throughout the body surface area b. serves an important function in respiration, water balance, communication, and defense c. anuran integument is permeable to gas and water in each direction d. gas exchange is controlled by changes in dermal folding and secretions |
a. false. Skin regions are not evenly permeable to water. The seat (pelvic) patch is an area of skin specialized for water absorption; responsible for 70% of water uptake.
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