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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are classical signs of inflammation? |
Rubour (redness) - blood vessel dilation
Dolor (pain) - tissue changes and chemical mediators Calor (heat) - temp. increase Tumour (swelling) - fluid accumulation |
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What happens during inflammation? |
Bacteria enter wound Platelets release clotting proteins Mast cells secrete factors - vasodilation/vascular constriction Neutrophils secrete factors to kill pathogens Neutrophils & macrophages - phagocytosis Macrophages - cytokines |
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How do leukocytes govern inflammatory responses? |
Macrophages produce cytokines
IL-1B - lymphocyte activation TNF-a - increases vascular permeability so IgG, complement to tissue. IL-6 - Ab production IL-12 - NK activation, CD4 cells to Th1 |
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What is Leukocyte Extravasation? |
Movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection. |
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How does Leukocyte Extravasation occur? |
Cytokines produced by macrophages cause vasodilation Increased expression of adhesion molecules so Lk move to periphery of blood vessels Lk extravasate Blood clotting in microvessels |
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What Tf drives genes involved in inflammatory responses? |
NFkB IKK phosphorylates IkB IkB is degraded, releasing NFkB to migrate to the nucleus - activates gene transcription |
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Name 4 classes of inflammatory mediators?
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Enzymes - tryptase, cathepsin G Toxic mediator - histamine, heparin Chemokine - CCL3 Lipid mediator - leukotrienes C4, platelet-activating factor |
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What is the effect if histamine?
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Dilates small blood vessels - net flow out exceeds net flow in Bound to proteoglycans and stored in a secretory vesicle |
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What are three possible outcomes of blood vessel dilation?
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Resolution Fibrosis - loss of function Chronic inflammation - angiogenesis, |
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Compare acute and chronic inflammation |
Acute - changes to vessel permeability, its diameter and onset of cellular exudate Chronic inflammation - ongoing LT, immune involvement |
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What are three specific diseases related to inflammation? |
Inflammatory muscle disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Ulcerative Colitis- ulcers in colon Gastric ulceration |
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Systemic effects of IL1/IL6/TNFa on liver? |
Acute-phase proteins - activate complement and opsonisation |
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Systemic effects of IL1/IL6/TNFa on BM endothelium? |
Neutrophil mobilisation for phagocytosis |
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Systemic effects of IL1/IL6/TNFa on hypothalamusm fat and muscle ? |
Increase body temp; protein mobilisation
Decrease viral replication, increase antigen processing |
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Systemic effects of IL1/IL6/TNFa on dendritic cells? |
TNFa stimulates migration to lymph nodes and maturation Initiates adaptive immune response |
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Difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis |
location and nature of the inflammatory changes. Crohn's - GI tract - mouth to anus. Majoirty start in terminal ileum. Affects full thickness of bowel wall. Stenosis (vessel narrowing)- common UC - restricted to colon and rectum. Restricted to mucosa. Stenosis - rare. |
