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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prayer purpose |
- It signals submission to a higher power -its recitals, invocations and incantations, expresses the need for that power's contentment and pleasure with the deeds and comportment of the believer. -Intended to establish a certain connection and closeness (qurba) between the worshiper and God |
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fasting symbolism |
- compels identification with the suffer- ing of others, generating compassion for, and humility before, other human beings. -represents an acknowledgment of gratitude to God for the bounties He bestowed and continues to bestow on humankind, enabling people toenjoyearthly and material pleasures. |
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Alms(zakat) symbolism |
-giving engender empathy toward the needy and the poor, -reminding the believers of the nominal ownership that whatever earthly wealth they possess, its real Owner can claim it back at His own discretion. |
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pilgrimage symbolism/purpose |
cumulative enhancement of the recognition of God's generosity is crowned by the demanding act of pilgrimage, which exhibits the believer's humility before God and His creation. |
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taklif |
charge of duty, responsibility and right that constitutes the lot of all humans. Every human being is assumed to be a mukallaf (subject to taklif) unless there is a lawful impediment that gives rise to an exemption. |
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ahliyya |
general capacity to oblige and be obligated by other humans (e.g., in contractual transactions) as well as before God (e.g., in ritual performances). |
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ahliyyat al-wujub |
the quality that enables humans to be subject to the entire range of rights and duties, privileges and obligations. |
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dhimma of persons |
(that is, persons who are charged with a duty of care, fiduciary trust, observance, liability, etc.), |
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Ahliyyat al-ada', |
-full legal capacity that entitles an individual to the entire range of rights, and permits engagement in obligations and their execution - "performative" capacity presupposes mental and phys- ical maturity, |
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What defines the notion ofmajority (bulügh)? |
mental and physical maturity |
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rushd |
State of ability |
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What indicates lack of rushd? |
function of : -minor age -insanity -foolhardiness and stupidity (sufh). -Lack of tamyiz |
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What is tamyiz |
-ability to comprehend legal obligations but without the attainment of a full performative capacity. - begins at 7 |
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What is the attestment of the prominence of Purification and prayer (tahara, salat) |
its treatment inlegal works occupies space roughly equal to that of each of the four "pillars”: prayer, alms-tax, fasting and pilgrimage. it is a condition and a prerequisite to them |
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How is purification done details |
-washing the face must cover (vertically) the : -skin beginning from the hair-line of forehead down to chin and curve of the lower jaw. -(horizon- tally) the frontal surface between and including the earlobes. - No more than 1/4 of the beard need be washed, fi it is long. -However, short or long, the beard where it meets the chin must certainly be cleansed -Elbows and ankles must be included -not limited to believer's body, extends to clothing, the place intended to pray, the very body of water used for washing, including the vessels (aniva) that carry it. |
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"Washing" in purification meaning |
"Washing" in the Quranic verse is construed as letting water flow over a surface. it does not involve "scrubbing," or "rubbing." Itmerely requires water to be in touch (isaba) with the surface. |
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Types agents of impurity |
bodily secretions (hadath) external factors (najas)
Both can be purified, unless they are part of a substance that is inherently incapable of purification, e.g., urine and pig. |
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Hadath |
Bodily excretions: 1)major (akbar) : -spermatic excretion. -sexual penetration. -sexual fluid from the woman. -post-natal bleeding. -menstruation. 2)minor (asghar): -urine -feces -gas -spermatic excretion without sexual arousal, and vaginal excretion. |
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Najas |
-blood -wine unless has fermented into vinegar. -The hides of unlawfully slaughtered animals - hides of dead animals that have not been slaughtered, including the dog, unless they have been tanned (considered a purifying agent because it removes from the hide traces of blood, fat and hair but ineffective in eliminating the inherent and irremovable ritual impurities of pig hide). -Vessels made of tanned leather & all metal containers are deemed pure, unless made of, or plated with, gold or silver. |
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sole agent of purification |
Water : three classes 1-tahür 2-Tahir 3- polluted |
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Tahür water |
-both pure in itself and capable of purifying -flowing water being superior, tahur and incapable of being polluted in strong currents. |
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Tahir |
-pure in itself but cannot purify other objects (according to the Mälikites, Shäff'fites and Hanbalites). -includes tahur water that has already been used for purification, water that has changed in color or odor due to its commingling with pure substances, such as rose water. -The Hanafites are alone in regarding tähir water as capable of purifying other objects. |
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Impure polluted water |
water from a slow current where a straw thrown into it does not move. anything less than two qullas (a total of216 litres) is made ritually impure by filth having fallen into it. Large bodies of water, including running water, are not affected. |
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Method of purifying water |
augment it with larger amounts of purifying (tahür) water. |
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foremost condition for the validity of ablution |
intention (niyya). The worshiper must have the intention to purify themselves when embarking upon washing the face, the first step in the performance. |
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How is niyya done |
Niyya occurs in the heart (galb), and need not be accompanied by verbal pronouncements,(although some jurists require verbal confirmation.) It is an internal state giving acts of worship their identity and separating them from other identical acts that do not belong to the category of worship, e.g., washing the face or handing over money. |
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Imp of niyya |
Necessary to bring awareness of, and confidence in, the individual act as fulfilling a particular purpose that is categorized as an act of worship. A constitutive element of prayer, and without which prayer can never be valid, |
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Constitutive elements of prayer |
-Opening Invocation (takbirat al-ihräm) -Opening Supplication (du'aa' al-istiftäh) followed by(taawwudh). -upon every act of bowing down (rak'a) the Fätiha, is recited in full followed by ta'min -Bowing down (rak'a): bending to place one's palms on one's knees, followed by pause, then praise to the Lord (tasbih) -Prostration (suüd): exposed part of the forehead to touch the ground, pausing in this position for at least a moment. -At the end must sit back to perform the Testimony of Faith (tashahhud), with one's posterior on the ground and the left leg crossed over beneath and beyond the right leg. |
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Alms-tax / zakat dualistic character |
- Religiously: it is an integral part of religious ritual and one of the five "pillars" of religion - Legally: it functions as a substantive legal sphere, constituting itself as a "tax law."
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Meanings |
Literally: growth Financially: form of tahara |
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How is zakat a form of tahara (purification) |
zakät removes themoral burden that accompanies the garnering of wealth because to be wealthy is potentially a moral liability that requires dispensation which means the sharing of that wealth with those who are in need |
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Is zakat only for the purpose of purification? |
No, it’s also to reflect the belief that all things ultimately belong to God and that Muslims are the trustees of earthly wealth, accountable for the ways in which they dispose of it. |
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What’s the consequence of hoarding wealth? |
divine condemnation as well as punishment inthe Hereafter. |
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What types of properties is zakat due on it |
due on property that is : -fully owned except freely grazing, wild animals & property that is not in the possession of the owner (e.g., an unlawfully appropriated herd, maghsüb) (Condition: capability of making payment at the time payment is due) - property capable of growth e.g cattle, agricultural lands and com- mercial goods. (Except Goods for personal consumption, e.g., animals intended for food, personal clothing and furniture) - in excess of subsistence (e.g., food, shelter, household furniture, etc.) - productive for a minimum of one full lunar year, with the exception of agricultural crops and minerals extracted from underground (in which case, zakät is due upon "harvesting" since this in itself constitutes "growth"). -property that is free of impediments, such as a debt. |
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Who is the payment of zakät is obligatory upon? |
every Muslim, male and female, including minor and insane individuals |
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What is the percentage zakat ? |
levied at the rate of 2.5 percent on the growth of one's wealth, above and beyond the amounts needed for subsistence; however, this rate could reach 10 percent on some agricultural produce according to some jurists. |
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What is nisab |
amount of property below which no zakat can be levied, and it varies according to the genus of property. |
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What happens when a property is between two nisabs? |
It is exempt from levy on the differential. For example, the nisab of camels is five, so a person who owns nine camels would be paying zakāt on only the first five |
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Cattle goats gold silver crop and trade Nisab? + zakat percentage |
- cattle : 30 cattle’s - goats :40 goats - gold : 20 mithgals 2.5% zakat - silver : a hundred dirhams. 2.5% zakat - crops : 5 awsãg; 10% if arrogated naturally, 5% if artificially - profit on trade :hundred dirhams. |
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When it comes to animals, what do the Hanafites, Shäfi'ites and Hanbalites require the payment of zakät on? |
grazing animals ( sa’ima ), but not but not on those that subsist on fodder (ma'lufa) (so consumed by the farmers) |
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When it comes to animals, what do the Hanafites, Shäfi'ites and Hanbalites require the payment of zakät on? |
grazing animals ( sa’ima ), but not but not on those that subsist on fodder (ma'lufa) |
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What is required for an animal to be regarded as Maalufa? |
the animals must live on fodder (food made only for the animals to consume) for at least six months of each year. (cost of maintaining them diminishes the rate of "growth" on them, making the collection of zakät unwarranted.) |
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What livestock animals require zakat by Malikites? |
All livestock with no distinction, As well as labor animals (e.g., those used for plowing and milling). |
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rate of zakāt paid on camels |
If up to 24 camels: 1 goat or 1 sheep per 5 camels If 25-35 camels: 1 female camels in its 2nd year (bint Makhad) 36-45: 1 female camel in 3rd year(bint labun) 46-60: 1 female 4th year(Hiqqa) 61-75: 1f 5th year (jadha'a) 76-90: 2 f bint labun 91-120: 2 hiqqas >120: 1 bint labun per 40 or 1hiqqa per 50 |
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What’s the requirements for levied zakat animals? |
must be of "average" quality and size, and should not be the best of the herd. |
