Activity And Exercise Chapter44

Front 1

Activity-exercise pattern

Back 1

a] Activities of daily living [ADLs] that require energy expenditure such as hygiene, dressing, cooking, shopping, eating, working, and home manintence
B] The type, quality, and quantity of exercise, including sports.

Front 2

Mobility

Back 2

Ability to move freely, easily, rhythmically, and purposefully in the environment, is an essential part of living.

Front 3

Line of gravity

Back 3

an imaginary vertical line drawn through the body's center of gravity.

Front 4

Center of gravity

Back 4

The point of which all of the body's mass is centered.

Front 5

Base of support

Back 5

The foundation on which the body rests

Front 6

Vestibular Apparatus
[Equilibrium receptors in the semicircular canals]

Back 6

Send signals to the brain that initiate reflexes needed to make required changes in position.

Front 7

Proprioception

Back 7

Awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium and the knowledge of position, weight, and resistance of the objects in relation to the body.

Front 8

Coordinated Movement

Back 8

Cerebral Cortex-initiates voluntary motor activity
Cerebellum--Motor activities of movement
Basal ganglia--Posture
The cetebral cortex operates movements, not muscles

Front 9

Activity Tolerance

Back 9

Type and amount of exercise or daily living activities an individual is able to perform without experiencing adverse effects

Front 10

Functional Strength

Back 10

Ability of the body to perform work,

Front 11

Isotonic [dynamic] exercises

Back 11

Those in which the muscle shorten to produce muscle contraction and active movement.[running, walking, swimming, cycling] [lifting buttocks off the bed by pushing with the hands against the mattress]

Front 12

Isometric [static or setting] exercises

Back 12

Those in which there is muscle contraction without moving the joint [muscle length does not change]. These exercise involve exerting pressure against a solid object and are useful for strengthening abdominal, gluteal, and quadriceps muscles used in ambulation.

Front 13

Isokinetic [resistive] exercises

Back 13

Muscle contraction or tension against resistance, they are either isotonic or isometeric. During isokinetic exercises, the person moves[isometric] or tenses [isometric] against resistance

Front 14

Aerobic Exercise

Back 14

An activity during which the amount of oxygen taken in the body is greater than that used to perform the activity[use Large Muscle Groups] [improve Cardiovascular conditioning and physical fitness].

Front 15

ANAerobic exercise

Back 15

Activity in which the muscles cannot draw out enough oxygen from the bloodstream, and anaerobic pathways are used to provide additional energy for a short time [weight lifting and sprinting].

Front 16

Muscles HYPERTROPHY

Back 16

With strenuous excercise, muscles hypertrophy [enlarge], and the efficiency of muscular contraction increases. Hypertrophy is seen in arm muscles of a tennis player and leg muscles of a skater

Front 17

Bone density and strength

Back 17

The stress of weight-bearing and high -impact movement maintains a balance between OSTEOBLAST [bone-building cells] and OSTEOCLASTS [bone-resorption and breakdown cells]

Front 18

Respiratory System

Back 18

More toxins are eliminated with deeper breathing, and problem solving and emotional stability are enhanced due to increased oxygen to the brain,

Front 19

Relaxation Response [RR]

Back 19

RR is a healthful physiologic state that can be elicited through deep relaxation breathing with emphasis on a prolonged exhalation phase. Progessice muscle relaxation techniques involve contracting and then releasing groups of muscles throughout the body until all parts of the body feel relaxed.

Front 20

Jackson[2002]
Spiritual Health

Back 20

Found that a program of Pilates and yoga-style exercise significantly enhanced students experiences of mind-bodyspirit connection and relationship with God.

Front 21

Labyrinth [a circular mandala]

Back 21

Slowly walking a labyrinth can induce a meditative state, decreasing heart and respiratory rates, lowering blood pressure, and reducing incidents of chronic pain and insominia

Front 22

Osteoporosis

Back 22

Condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile due to calcium depletion. Osteoporosis is common in older women and primarily affects the weight bearing joints of the lower extremities and the anterior aspects of spinal boness, causing compression fractures of the vertebrae and hip fractures.

Front 23

External Factors

Back 23

IOM recommends that men consume 3 liters of beverage a day, and women 2.2 liters. Quality water is the best fluid to replace loss incurred through metabolic processes and exercise.

Front 24

Spastic

Back 24

To much muscle tone.

Front 25

Flaccid

Back 25

Without muscle tone

Front 26

Osteoporosis

Back 26

The bones become spongy and may gradually feform and fracture easily

Front 27

Atrophy

Back 27

Decrease in size

Front 28

Contracture

Back 28

Permanent shortening of the muscle, limiting joint movement.

Front 29

Ankylosed

Back 29

Permanently immobile, Bones demineralize, excess calcium may deposit in the joints, contributing to stiffness and pain.

Front 30

Diminished Cardiac reserve

Back 30

Decreased mobility creates an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system, resulting in a preponderance of sympathetic activity that increase heart rate. Rapid heart rate reduces diastolic pressure, coronary blood flow.

Front 31

Valsalva Maneuver

Back 31

Refers to holding the breath and straining against a closed glottis[clients tend to hold their breath when attempting to move up in bed]

Front 32

Orthostatic Hypotension

Back 32

Common result of immobilization. When the immobile person attempts to sit or stand, this reconstricting mechanism fails to function properly in spite of an increased adrenalin output.

Front 33

Dependent Edema

Back 33

When the venous pressure is sufficiently great, some of the serous part of the blood is forced out of the blood vesses into the inerstitial spaces surrounding the blood vesses, causing edema.

Front 34

Thrombus [clot]

Back 34

is particularly dangerous if it Breaks loose from the vein wall to enter the general circulation as an EMBOLUS.

Front 35

Thrombophlebitis

Back 35

A clot that is loosely attached to an inflamed vein wall

Front 36

Vital Capacity

Back 36

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

Front 37

Atelectasis

Back 37

When ventilation is decreased, pooled secretions may accumulatee in a dependent area of the bronchiole and effectively block it.

Front 38

Metabolism

Back 38

refers to the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living substance if formed and maintained and by which energy is made available for use by the body.

Front 39

Basal Metabolic Rate

Back 39

The minimal energy expended for the maintenance of these processes, expressed in calories per hour per square meter of body surface.

Front 40

Anabolism

Back 40

Protein synthesis

Front 41

Catabolism

Back 41

Protein breakdown [catabolism muscle mass release nitrogen]

Front 42

Anorexia

Back 42

Loss of appetite, occurs because of the decreased metabloic rate and the increased catabolism that accompany immobility.

Front 43

Negative Calcium Balance

Back 43

A negative calcium balance occurs as a direct result of immobility.

Front 44

Urinary stasis

Back 44

Stoppage or slow-down of flow. Occurs only a few days of bed rest.

Front 45

Calculi

Back 45

STONES

Front 46

Urinary Retention

Back 46

Accumulation of urine in the bladder[can be caused from immobility.This inhibits its ability to empty completely

Front 47

Urinary Infection

Back 47

Static urine provides an excellent medium for bacterial growth.

Front 48

Escherichia Coli

Back 48

The organism most commonly causing urinary tract infections

Front 49

Urinary reflux

Back 49

Backward flow

Front 50

Physical Examination

Back 50

Physical examination focusing on activity and exercise emphasizes body alignment, gait, appearance and movement of joints, capabilities and limitations for movement, muscle mass and strength , and activity tolerance.

Front 51

Body Alignment

Back 51

To assess body alignment includes an inspection of the client while the client stands

Front 52

To Assess alignment

Back 52

The nurse inspects the client from Lateral, Anterior, and Posterior views. 1] the shoulders and hips are level 2]The toes point forward 3] The spine is straight, not curved on either side.

Front 53

Lordosis

Back 53

"slumped" posture is the most common problem that occurs when people stand, The neck is flexed far forward, the abdomen protrudes, the pelvis is thrust forward [ An exaggerated anterior/inward curvature of the lumbar spine]

Front 54

Pace

Back 54

The number of steps taken per minute. Normal is 70 to 100. Older persons it may be around 40 steps.

Front 55

Gait

Back 55

The nuse also notes prosthesis or assistive device, such as a cane or walker. For the client who uses assistive aids, the nurse assesses gait without the device and compares the assisted and unassisted gaits.

Front 56

Crepitation

Back 56

Palpable or audible crackling or grating sensation produced by joint motion and frequently experienced in joints that have sufferede repeated trauma over time.

Front 57

the most useful measures in predicting activity tolerance are heart rate, strength and rhythm, respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm, and blood pressure

Back 57

1]Before the activity starts [baseline data], while the client is at rest 2] During the activity 3]Immediately after the activity stops 4] Three minutes after the activity has stopped and the client has rested

Front 58

Clients at risk include those who

Back 58

a] Are poorly nourished B] Have decreased sensitivity to pain, temperature, or pressure C]Have existing cardiovascular, pulmonary, or neuromuscular problems and D] Have an altered level of consciousness

Front 59

Isotonic

Back 59

Related to the maintenance of a constant amount of resistive force during muscular contraction

Front 60

Isometric

Back 60

Having equal demensions. The first phase in contraction of the ventricle of the heart in which ventricular pressure increases but there is no decrease in volume of contents because semilunar valves are closed

Front 61

Nursing

Back 61

The sixth most at-risk occupation for back injury.

Front 62

Before attempting to lift

Back 62

The nurse must ensure that there are no hazards on the floor, and 2] That there is a clear path for moving the object, and that the nurse's base of support is secure,

Front 63

Fowler's position

Back 63

Fowler's position[or a semisitting position, is a bed position in which the head and trunk are raised 45 to 90 degrees

Front 64

Fowler's position
Low Fowler's or Semi-Fowler's position

Back 64

Low Fowler's or Semi-Fowler's position [the head and the trunk are raised 15 to 45 degrees]

Front 65

Fowler's position
High Fowler's position

Back 65

The head and trunk are raised 90 degrees, in this position, the knees may or may not be flexed.

Front 66

Orthopneic Pasition

Back 66

The client sits either in bed or on the side of the bed with an overbed table across the lap. This position facilitates respiration by allowing maximum chest expansion. It is particularly helpful to clients who have problems exhaling, because they can press the lower part of the chest against the edge of the overbed table.

Front 67

Prone Position

Back 67

The client lies on the abdomen with the head turned to one side.

Front 68

Lateral Position

Back 68

The person lies on one side of the body. Flexing the top hip and knee and placing this leg in front of the body creates a wider, triangular base of support and achieves greater stability. The greater the flexion of the top hip and knee, the greater the stability and balance in this postition.

Front 69

Sim's Position

Back 69

The client assumes a posture halfway between the lateral and the prone positions. The lower arm is positioned behind the client, and the upper arm is flexed at the shoulder and the elbow. Both lw=egs are flexed in front of the client. The upper leg is more acutely flexed at both the hip and the knee than is the lower one.