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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Voice |
Can be sent via analogue or digitized transmission. Limited to exchanges involving spoken languages. |
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Who can you get weather from? |
Pipeline MACS PMSV FSS or RCO (FISE, RAAS) DRCO PIREP |
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What services can a student use from MACS stations? |
Request Weather Message relay Phone patches SELCAL |
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Describe Analogue |
Oldest and simplest method of communications Analogue voice signals are still only suitable form for direct verbal transactions between humans Demodulated signal is approximation of transmitted signal Does not support data Error control not possible |
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Describe Wireless |
Communications that are free of wires Allows non-tethered applications Covertness and jam resistance more difficult Limited to assigned channel bandwidth |
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Representation of Signals |
Time domain Frequency domain |
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Flight Service Station (FSS) What do they provide? |
Weather Clearance issuing Airport Advisory Service Vehicle Advisory Service Direction Finding (VDF) Flight Plan Filing/ Amendments Emergency Assistance Ex. Brandon Radio |
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Who do you get ATC clearances from? |
Clearance Delivery (Flight Plan Clearance) Ground Control (taxi clearance) Arrival control (arrival clearance) Control tower (take-off/landing clearance) |
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Who do you communicate with on VHF? |
ATIS ATIS Clearances Blind Broadcast MF/ATF FSS Reports Weather request from FIC on FISE frequency Pilot to Metro Service (PMSV) |
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Other codes |
INT (interrogative) IMI (say again) Z (flash) O (immediate) J (verify) G (read back) P (priority) R (roger or routine) AR (out) |
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Distress Message |
MAYDAY x3 Call sign x3 Position and time Heading Airspeed Altitude or flight level Type of aircraft Nature of distress Captains intentions Other pertinent info Call sign “Over” |
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What are Offensive Communications? |
All activities and measures that deny enemy forces the ability to communicate successfully |
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Strategic Network |
Generally global in nature with far reaching operations Can deal with a wide range of traffic May be required to inter-operate with other strategic networks |
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Strategic Network |
Generally global in nature with far reaching operations Can deal with a wide range of traffic May be required to inter-operate with other strategic networks |
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SLIC Rule |
Stop Listen Identity Communicate or continue |
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Strategic Network |
Generally global in nature with far reaching operations Can deal with a wide range of traffic May be required to inter-operate with other strategic networks |
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SLIC Rule |
Stop Listen Identity Communicate or continue |
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Desired Communications Characterisitcs |
SAFARICATS Survivability Accuracy Fidelity Affordability Reliability Interoperability Completeness Availability Timeliness Security
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Characteristics of Radio Waves |
They require no supporting medium They can penetrate gases, liquids and solids |
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Characteristics of Radio Waves |
They require no supporting medium They can penetrate gases, liquids and solids |
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Types of Radio Waves |
Surface Waves Space Waves Sky Waves |
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Characteristics of Radio Waves |
They require no supporting medium They can penetrate gases, liquids and solids |
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Types of Radio Waves |
Surface Waves Space Waves Sky Waves |
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Surface Wave |
Waves that follow the contour of the earth’s surface by the process of diffraction 30kHz - 300kHz |
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Characteristics of Radio Waves |
They require no supporting medium They can penetrate gases, liquids and solids |
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Types of Radio Waves |
Surface Waves Space Waves Sky Waves |
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Surface Wave |
Waves that follow the contour of the earth’s surface by the process of diffraction 30kHz - 300kHz |
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Sky wave |
Waves that travel upward and are reflected back to earth by the ionosphere 300kHz - 30 MHz |
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Space Wave |
Direct waves Line of sight (LOS) Above 30MHz |
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Space Wave |
Direct waves Line of sight (LOS) Above 30MHz |
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Types of Propagation paths |
Ground wave Tropospheric wave ducting Sky wave |
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Space Wave |
Direct waves Line of sight (LOS) Above 30MHz |
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Types of Propagation paths |
Ground wave Tropospheric wave ducting Sky wave |
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Ground wave |
Portion of radiated energy directly affected by presence of the earth and its surface features 2 components - surface wave - space wave |
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Sky wave |
Reliable comms over very long distances Occurs in MF and HF frequency bands |
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Sky wave |
Reliable comms over very long distances Occurs in MF and HF frequency bands |
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Tropospheric Wave Ducting |
Radiation that undergoes refraction and reflection in lower levels of atmosphere Caused by abrupt changes in temperature or moisture More pronounced as frequency of signal increases Most noticeable in VHF and lower UHF bands |
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Sky wave |
Reliable comms over very long distances Occurs in MF and HF frequency bands |
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Tropospheric Wave Ducting |
Radiation that undergoes refraction and reflection in lower levels of atmosphere Caused by abrupt changes in temperature or moisture More pronounced as frequency of signal increases Most noticeable in VHF and lower UHF bands |
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Radio Frequency Section: Oscillator Generator |
Generates EM energy at the desired frequency This frequency is called the CARRIER WAVE |
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Radio Frequency Section: Amplifiers |
Increases the power of the signal to a level sufficient for transmission |
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Radio Frequency Section: Amplifiers |
Increases the power of the signal to a level sufficient for transmission |
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Modulator Section: Information |
Used to enter desired info into the transmitter |
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Radio Frequency Section: Amplifiers |
Increases the power of the signal to a level sufficient for transmission |
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Modulator Section: Information |
Used to enter desired info into the transmitter |
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Phase modulation |
A form of modulation where the phase of the carrier wave is varied by the intelligence signal Normally used to transmit digital signal |
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Pulse Modulation |
A form of modulation where the carrier wave is not a continuous alternating wave but a train of discrete pulses |
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Frequency Shift Keying |
A form of modulation where a carrier signal of constant amplitude is frequency modulated to correspond to 0 and 1 |
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Advantages of Digital |
Sends more types of data -text -pictures/video -tactical information Encryption Higher fidelity Better signal to noise ratio |
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Advantages of Digital |
Sends more types of data -text -pictures/video -tactical information Encryption Higher fidelity Better signal to noise ratio |
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Disadvantages of digital |
More complex equipment More complex transmission protocols Require error correction codes |
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Advantages of Digital |
Sends more types of data -text -pictures/video -tactical information Encryption Higher fidelity Better signal to noise ratio |
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Disadvantages of digital |
More complex equipment More complex transmission protocols Require error correction codes |
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Digital Modulation (3 concepts) |
Phase modulation Pulse modulation Frequency Shift Keying |
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Advantages of Digital |
Sends more types of data -text -pictures/video -tactical information Encryption Higher fidelity Better signal to noise ratio |
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Disadvantages of digital |
More complex equipment More complex transmission protocols Require error correction codes |
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Digital Modulation (3 concepts) |
Phase modulation Pulse modulation Frequency Shift Keying |
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Disadvantages of FM vs AM |
FM needs more complex equipment FM requires more bandwidth FM restricted to Line-of-sight |
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Advantages of FM vs AM |
FM signal-to-noise ratio is better than AM FM has better fidelity at reception FM allows transmission of signal at constant peak power |
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Frequency Modulation |
Frequency of the carrier wave is modified to reflect the changes in the audio signal to be conveyed |
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Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation |
Line of AM where only one sideband is used to convey information, the rest of the signal is suppressed at the transmission No intelligence is conveyed by the carrier wave itself Since USB and LSB are mirror images, it is redundant to send both side bands |
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Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation |
Line of AM where only one sideband is used to convey information, the rest of the signal is suppressed at the transmission No intelligence is conveyed by the carrier wave itself Since USB and LSB are mirror images, it is redundant to send both side bands |
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Advantages of SSB |
Less power required for transmission Half the bandwidth required Intercepted signal of better quality |
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Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation |
Line of AM where only one sideband is used to convey information, the rest of the signal is suppressed at the transmission No intelligence is conveyed by the carrier wave itself Since USB and LSB are mirror images, it is redundant to send both side bands |
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Advantages of SSB |
Less power required for transmission Half the bandwidth required Intercepted signal of better quality |
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Communication networks |
A chain of interconnected persons or operations enabling communication One member of the chain is designated as the net control station (NCS) NCS controls the network. All other stations are member stations |
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Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation |
Line of AM where only one sideband is used to convey information, the rest of the signal is suppressed at the transmission No intelligence is conveyed by the carrier wave itself Since USB and LSB are mirror images, it is redundant to send both side bands |
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Advantages of SSB |
Less power required for transmission Half the bandwidth required Intercepted signal of better quality |
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Communication networks |
A chain of interconnected persons or operations enabling communication One member of the chain is designated as the net control station (NCS) NCS controls the network. All other stations are member stations |
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Amplitude modulation |
Amplitude pf the carrier wave is increased or decreased in accordance with the changes in the audio signal to be conveyed Produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in 2 adjacent sidebands Transmission bandwidth of an AM signal is more than twice that of the baseband signal |
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Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation |
Line of AM where only one sideband is used to convey information, the rest of the signal is suppressed at the transmission No intelligence is conveyed by the carrier wave itself Since USB and LSB are mirror images, it is redundant to send both side bands |
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Advantages of SSB |
Less power required for transmission Half the bandwidth required Intercepted signal of better quality |
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Communication networks |
A chain of interconnected persons or operations enabling communication One member of the chain is designated as the net control station (NCS) NCS controls the network. All other stations are member stations |
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Amplitude modulation |
Amplitude pf the carrier wave is increased or decreased in accordance with the changes in the audio signal to be conveyed Produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in 2 adjacent sidebands Transmission bandwidth of an AM signal is more than twice that of the baseband signal |
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Receiving antenna |
EM waves from transmission antenna excite the electrons in the receiving antenna This causes an electric current to he formed and conducted to the receiver |
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Antenna Polarization |
Orientation of transmitting antenna determines polarization of the radio wave Receiving antenna must have similar polarization as the wave to intercept it efficiently |
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Antenna Gain |
The measurement of an antenna’s ability to radiate energy in a certain direction Gain is a function of antenna size and shape |
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Antenna Gain |
The measurement of an antenna’s ability to radiate energy in a certain direction Gain is a function of antenna size and shape |
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Ion density |
Higher Ion Density increases refractive properties of the ionosphere Ionosphere will refract higher frequency back to earth Ionosphere will increase the amount of bending of any frequency |
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Antenna Gain |
The measurement of an antenna’s ability to radiate energy in a certain direction Gain is a function of antenna size and shape |
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Ion density |
Higher Ion Density increases refractive properties of the ionosphere Ionosphere will refract higher frequency back to earth Ionosphere will increase the amount of bending of any frequency |
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Z codes |
ZKJ (close watch) ZEB (acknowledge) ZWF (wrong) |
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Antenna Gain |
The measurement of an antenna’s ability to radiate energy in a certain direction Gain is a function of antenna size and shape |
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Ion density |
Higher Ion Density increases refractive properties of the ionosphere Ionosphere will refract higher frequency back to earth Ionosphere will increase the amount of bending of any frequency |
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Z codes |
ZKJ (close watch) ZEB (acknowledge) ZWF (wrong) |
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Q codes |
QSL (receipt of message) QSY (change of frequency) QAM (actual weather) QFZ (forecast weather) QSZ (words twice) |
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Antenna Gain |
The measurement of an antenna’s ability to radiate energy in a certain direction Gain is a function of antenna size and shape |
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Ion density |
Higher Ion Density increases refractive properties of the ionosphere Ionosphere will refract higher frequency back to earth Ionosphere will increase the amount of bending of any frequency |
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Z codes |
ZKJ (close watch) ZEB (acknowledge) ZWF (wrong) |
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Q codes |
QSL (receipt of message) QSY (change of frequency) QAM (actual weather) QFZ (forecast weather) QSZ (words twice) |
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Airmanship Procedures |
Know what you’e going to say Listen out before transmitting Keep voice at normal speed Keep voice at normal pitch Keep mic close to lips Never use profane language |
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Antenna Gain |
The measurement of an antenna’s ability to radiate energy in a certain direction Gain is a function of antenna size and shape |
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Ion density |
Higher Ion Density increases refractive properties of the ionosphere Ionosphere will refract higher frequency back to earth Ionosphere will increase the amount of bending of any frequency |
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Z codes |
ZKJ (close watch) ZEB (acknowledge) ZWF (wrong) |
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Q codes |
QSL (receipt of message) QSY (change of frequency) QAM (actual weather) QFZ (forecast weather) QSZ (words twice) |
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Airmanship Procedures |
Know what you’e going to say Listen out before transmitting Keep voice at normal speed Keep voice at normal pitch Keep mic close to lips Never use profane language |
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Factors affecting refraction |
Angle of transmission Frequency Signal strength Ion density |
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Antenna Gain |
The measurement of an antenna’s ability to radiate energy in a certain direction Gain is a function of antenna size and shape |
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Ion density |
Higher Ion Density increases refractive properties of the ionosphere Ionosphere will refract higher frequency back to earth Ionosphere will increase the amount of bending of any frequency |
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Z codes |
ZKJ (close watch) ZEB (acknowledge) ZWF (wrong) |
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Q codes |
QSL (receipt of message) QSY (change of frequency) QAM (actual weather) QFZ (forecast weather) QSZ (words twice) |
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Airmanship Procedures |
Know what you’e going to say Listen out before transmitting Keep voice at normal speed Keep voice at normal pitch Keep mic close to lips Never use profane language |
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Factors affecting refraction |
Angle of transmission Frequency Signal strength Ion density |
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Ionospheric Layers |
F2 layer (155-250 miles) F1 layer (90-155 miles) E layer (55-90 miles) D layer (25-55 miles) |
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Frequency |
Lower frequency -more refraction but high attenuation Higher frequencies -less refraction Critical frequency -highest frequency that returns |
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Transmission Angle |
As the angle of transmission is increased, greater bending of wave is required to return it to earth Critical angle -highest angle possible to transmit and refract back to earth |
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Signal strength |
All radio transmissions lose energy to attenuation High energy signals required for long distances Signal strength can be increased through transmitter power or higher frequency |
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Challenge and Response |
Most CF aircraft do this Right seat pilot reads column item (challenge) Left seat pilot, lead student or other crew members (as appropriate) read right hand column after verifying the item (response) |
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ICS Emergency Audio Integration Mode |
Occurs automatically upon electrical failure Pilot -VHF 1 (audio and mic) -VOR 1 (audio) Co-op, flight engineer -VHF 2 (audio and mic) -VOR 2 (audio) |
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On the CT-142, at each navigation console, the Audio Integration System consists of? |
Audio control panel Headset with PTT switch PTT switch mount on the footrest |
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The audio control panel provides aircrew with the means to? |
Control transmission and reception on external radios Communicate internally on different inter phone systems (ICS-INT, PRI 1, PRI 2) Monitor the aircraft navigation receivers Access the passenger address (PA) |
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Communications Obstacles |
Noise Distortion Attenuation Interference Multi-path finding |
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Communication constraints |
Time Bandwidth Amount of information |
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Communication constraints |
Time Bandwidth Amount of information |
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What is a medium? |
Physical entity that supports the transmission of signals from one point to another Wires, coaxial cables, waveguides, optical fibres, atmosphere |
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What is channel bandwidth |
Band frequencies allocated to each channel served by the medium |
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Classes of networks |
Free network Directed network |
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Free network |
The NCS authorizes member stations to transmit to each other without obtaining prior permission |
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Free network |
The NCS authorizes member stations to transmit to each other without obtaining prior permission |
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Directed Network |
NCS permission required for member stations to communicate with each other Keeps traffic to a minimum during exercises or wartime Applies to all message traffic other than flash messages |
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Sidebands |
Sum frequency or upper sideband (USB) = carrier wave - audio frequency |
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What info do you give FSS or FIC after communication with them? |
Type of aircraft Position Altitude Point of departure and destination |
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What is a Pilot to Metro Service (PMSV)? |
Military weather units at selected airfields, to provide aircrews direct contact with weather forecasters or observers All UHF frequency in Canada |
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UHF AN/ARC-164 Radio Components |
2 transceivers -main transceiver for transmission and reception -guard receiver for reception only on 121.5/243 1 control head 2 antennas -shared VHF/UHF comms antenna (upper) -shared VHF/UHF DF antenna (lower) |
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VHF King KTR-908 Radio Specifications |
Amplitude modulation Frequency range: 118-151.976 MHz Spacing of channels: 25 kHz Line of Sight operation Low power (not more than 26 watts) Quiet, static free communication Not affected by weather Memory for 9 pre-set channels |
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VHF King KTR-908 Radio Components |
2 VHF Control Display Units (CDU) 2 Receiver/Transmitters VHF/UHF antenna for #1 system (top of a/c) VHF antenna for #2 system (bottom of a/c) |
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Fading |
Fluctuations in the strength of the radio signal at the receiver due to interference |
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Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) |
The highest frequency that will give a skip distance equal to the distance from the transmitter to the intended receiving point |
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Skip Zone |
Distance between the end of the usable ground wave and the point where the first sky wave returns to earth |
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Skip distance |
The distance between the transmitter and the point where the refracted sky wave returns to earth for the first time |
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Propagation path |
The path of radio waves when they are transmitted or propagated from one point to another |
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Optimum Working Frequency (OWF) |
The frequency which provides the most consistent comms, generally 85% of the MUF |
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UHF AN/ARC-164 Radio Specifications |
Amplitude modulation Frequency range: 225-399.976 MHz (in 25kHz steps) Memory for 20 pre-set channels 28 volt DC Line of Sight Operations Small, light, quiet, static free communications Not affected by weather |
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What is ATIS? |
Automated Terminal Information Service Continuous broadcast updated hourly or when conditions warrant Provides: weather, IFR approach, landing runway, departure runway, significant NOTAMs |
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Clarity and Brevity |
Think before you speak Know what you are going to say Make transmissions clear and brief Ensure required information is passed The more you talk, the less you can listen |
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Emergency situation |
Monitor situation, keep chatter to a minimum Any safety issue should be brought to the crew’s attention |
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Transmitting Antenna |
Contains charges that oscillate at the desired frequency Oscillation causes EM waves to be formed and radiate from the antenna |
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Antennas |
Couple the radio system to ‘free space’ Can both transmit and receive RF signals but not at the same time |
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Antennas |
Couple the radio system to ‘free space’ Can both transmit and receive RF signals but not at the same time |
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Receiver characteristics |
Frequency coverage -range of radio frequencies Sensitivity -receive and intercept strong and weak signals Selectivity -intercept and extract intel from desired signal Fidelity -reproduce the transmitted intel |
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Desirable Receiver Functions |
Intercept some of the RF energy from the transmitter Select the correct RF from a multitude of signals Detect and separate the intelligence from carrier wave Reproduce the intelligence into some meaningful form |
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Why is wave modulation required? |
Low frequencies require very large components Avoid catastrophic interference caused by transmitting all intelligence on the same frequency Use RF bands in accordance with propagation requirements |
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Modulator Section: Modulator |
Impresses the intelligence onto carrier wave using many different methods |
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Modulator Section: Modulator |
Impresses the intelligence onto carrier wave using many different methods |
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Blind Broadcast for IFR |
Identification Position Time Altitude Type of flight plan Next RO and ETA Name only of next succeeding RP Remarks |
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What is the primary communications goal? |
Provide friendly forces with the intended information while denying that information to the enemy |
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What is the primary communications goal? |
Provide friendly forces with the intended information while denying that information to the enemy |
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What is defensive communication? |
All activities and measures that ensure that friendly forces can communicate and prevent enemy from listening to or interfering with our communications |
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Urgency Message |
“PAN PAN” x 3 “ALL STATIONS” x3 Call sign Position and time Heading Airspeed Altitude Aircraft type Endurance Nature of emergency Captains intentions Call sign “Over” |
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Describe Data |
Data transmissions can support digitized voice as well as data, and as such can benefit from all the digital advantages Can only be sent digitally |
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Characteristics of Signals |
Amplitude -strength of the signal Bandwidth -band of frequencies or spectrum space occupied by a signal -difference between highest frequency component and lowest frequency component of the signal spectrum |
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Clock system |
Straight ahead- 12 o’clock Straight behind- 6 o’clock Directly to right- 3 o’clock Directly to left- 9 o’clock |
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Non-intercom Communications |
Runners Hand signals or gestures |
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Priority |
Used when circuit is clear Delivered within 6 hours Not used for action addressee but can be used for info addressees |
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Immediate |
Breaks in on messages of lower precedence Delivered within 1 hour Any traffic from an aircraft is considered immediate unless otherwise specified |
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Flash |
Breaks in on all traffic, usually contains info vital to national security Delivered as fast as possible (within 10 min) |
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What are the 4 precedence’s of a message? |
Routine Priority Immediate Flash |
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What are the 4 precedence’s of a message? |
Routine Priority Immediate Flash |
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Routine |
Not used by aircraft because only sent if circuit available Message delivered start of next business day |
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HF Range |
2.0-29.999MHz |
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SELCAL |
Selective calling Works like a paging system Each aircraft is assigned a four letter code Pilot’s panel shows flashing light and bears a tone when this code is transmitted |
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How to activate a DRCO in flight? |
Select DRCO frequency Key mic 4 times Listen and follow instructions Transmit your communications using usual radio procedure format |
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Network types |
Tactical Strategic |
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What are the 6 communication methods? |
Bounded Wireless Analogue Digital Voice Data |
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Basic communications system |
Transmitter Medium Receiver |
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Energy forms |
Electrical energy -no modulation needed -short distance metallic wires only Electromagnetic energy -modulation needed -long distance metallic wires, optical fibres and wireless transmissions |
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Tactical networks deal with? |
The control of weapons Early warning systems Aircraft movement and control Local command nests |
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Dial-up Remote communications outlets (DRCO) |
Same as RCO but have dial-up unit installed Line is operated or activated by the aircraft in-flight or by the FIC |
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Technical solutions |
Limited bandwidth (compress and truncate data, increase network capacity) Noise (cooling equipment, limiting bandwidth) Distortion (using FM over AM, digital) Attenuation (transmitted power, receiver sensitivity, antenna gain) Interference (improve transmission lines, medium and frequency diversity) Multi-path Finding (alter receiver antenna, frequency diversity) |
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Prefacing messages |
Preface calls to other aircrew members with addressee position followed by yours Ex: Pilot, Lead, i have the nav |
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Methods of transmitting data |
Audio Teletype (morse) Facsimile Video/computer Data link |
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Flight information centre (FIC) What do they provide? |
Pilot briefing service Flight Information Service Enroute (FISE) Aeronautical broadcast service VFR flight plan alerting service Ex: Winnipeg radio |
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Types of signals |
Signal form -analogue -digital Carrier signal -baseband -modulated Frequency coverage -narrowband (less than 1.544Mbps) Wideband (greater than 1.544 Mbps) |
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Define Communications |
The transfer of meaningful information from one location to another |
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Describe Digital |
Rapidly taking over analogue transmissions in many applications Typically requires more bandwidth Allows data transmission Digital voice signals still need to be converted to analogue sound |
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Describe Bounded |
Communications using any type of wire of optical fibres Can provide covert link and greater jam resistance Not always practical for moving platforms |
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Describe Bounded |
Communications using any type of wire of optical fibres Can provide covert link and greater jam resistance Not always practical for moving platforms |
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Intercom R/T Procedures |
Challenge/Response Checks Prefacing messages Clock system Intercom discipline |
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Remote Communication Outlets (RCO) |
Remote VHF transmitters/receivers Established where difficult communications prevail Enable FSS to provide Remote Aerodromes located within an MF area Enable FIC to provide FISE |
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Peripheral Stations (PAL) |
Unstaffed VHF/UHF transmitter/ receiver in remote locations to facilitate direct contact between aircraft and controlling agencies Differ from RCOs and DRCOs because you are talking to air traffic controller instead of FSS/FIC specialists |
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Communications Modes |
Simplex (one direction) Half Duplex (both directions, one at a time) Full Duplex (both directions, same time) |
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Digital Modulation in Aviation |
Tactical Common Data Link SATCOM Link 16/Link 22 Future Air Navigation System (FANS) |
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Listening Out |
ATC clearances/traffic advisories Ground transmission from MFs/UNICOMs Blind Transmission from other aircraft UHF SITREPS from other GONZO missions |
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Intercom Discipline |
Listening Out SLIC Rule Brevity of transmission Planning of transmission ICS Discipline during emergencies |
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Military Aeronautical Communications System (MACS) |
Provides non-tactical air/ground/air communications to CF and allied aircraft Trenton, Edmonton, St. Johns |
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Identifying Objects Outside the Aircraft |
Description Direction High or low indication Distance Conflict resolution ("non conflict" or conflict with instructions) |
