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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Formant frequencies are determined by which 2 things?
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1. The length of the speaker's vocal tract
2. The size and shape of vocal tract cavities |
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Formant frequencies are ________ the rate of vocal fold vibration.
a. Dependent on b. Independent of |
b. Independent of
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F1 is most closely associated with the size of the ______?
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Pharynx
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F1 is influenced mostly by ________
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Tongue height
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Vowels and resonant consonants are produced with a relatively ______ vocal tract
a. open b. closed |
a. Open
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The pharynx is the largest resonating cavity and is associated with which formant?
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F1, the lowest formant
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What happens to pharynx size as the tongue is pulled up for a high vowel
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Pharynx size decreases
Higher F1 |
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F2 is most closely associated with the size of the ________
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Oral cavity
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F2 is most influenced by ______
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Tongue advancement (fronting and backing of the tongue)
Back vowels = bigger oral cavity = low F2 Front vowels = smaller oral cavity = high F2 |
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The peaks in vowel spectra are called ____
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Vocal formants
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In terms of periodicity and formants, what are the differences between vowels and fricatives?
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Vowels are periodic, fricatives are aperiodic
Vowels have formants, fricatives have no formants |
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Formant frequencies vary with: (4 things)
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1. Speaker identity
2. speaking rate and speech register 3. phonetic context 4. Dialect |
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True or false: The relative location of vowels on an F1-F2 plot is the same for everyone.
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True
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Does lip rounding raise or lower all formants?
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Lowers all formants
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Because consonants have a higher degree of constriction than vowels, do they have higher or lower amplitude?
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Lower amplitude
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Explain the concept of zeroes ("antiformants" or "antiresonance")
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Sometimes a constriction produces a side cavity not connected to the open air.
This introduces zeroes. Resonant frequencies of a side cavity are not transmitted out of the vocal tract (get absorbed by the side cavity) |
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With the sound /l/, why are zeroes produced?
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The lateral air release leaves a pocket of air above the tongue.
Pockets of air create zeroes. |
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On a spectrogram, formants above F1 often _______ when /l/ is articulated.
a. gain amplitude b. lose amplitude |
b. Lose amplitude
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What is the most important acoustic cue to an /r/ sound?
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Low F3
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Explain the Perturbation Theory
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Any formant can be lowered by creating constrictions at one or more velocity antinodes.
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To lower F3 we need constriction at 3 points:
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The lips
The palate The pharynx |
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Does the nasal cavity produce a high or low resonant frequency?
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Low resonant frequency.
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Airflow determines whether: (3 things)
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1. Sounds are resonant or obstruent
2. Sounds are continuant or non-continuant 3. Sounds have high amplitude or low amplitude |
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Which class of sounds demonstrate the following characteristics:
Voiced Have at least some formant structure Get lower in amplitude as the mouth closes Lose formant energy near F2 when air is flowing through the nose or an unusual tongue shape |
Resonant Sounds
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Which class of sounds demonstrates the following characteristics?
Always have some type of noise (burst or frication) May include a period of silence May have no vocal fold vibration even when they are called voiced sounds |
Obstruent sounds
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Which type of noise will stops demonstrate?
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Burst noise
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Which type of noise will fricatives demonstrate?
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Frication nosie
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Among continuant obstruents, which ones will have the highest amplitude?
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Sibilants
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Vowels, resonant consonants and fricatives are all:
a. Continuant sounds b. Non-Continuant sounds |
a. Continuant Sounds
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A continuant sound should show a continuous pattern of ____ or ______.
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Formants or Noise
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Stops and affricates are:
a. Continuant sounds b. Non-continuant sounds |
b. Non-continuant sounds
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For stops, the period of silence is followed by what?
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A burst
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Among non-continuant obstruents, which ones will have the highest amplitude?
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Voiceless stops
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Often, the most important perceptual cue to obstruent voicing is ____
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Duration
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Will voiceless or voiced stops have a shorter VOT?
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Voiced stops have a shorter VOT than voiceless stops.
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Which tend to be lower in amplitude: voiced obstruents or voiceless obstruents?
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Voiced obstruents.
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In the word initial position, voiceless stops are _______, while after /s/, voiceless stops are ________.
(unaspirated or aspirated) |
Aspirated, Unaspirated
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Word and phrase final stops are often:
a. unreleased b. released |
a. unreleased
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True or False: Stops in sequences will generally have one long silence and one burst.
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True
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List the articulatory properties shared by obstruents (5)
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1. All have some degree of obstruction in SLVT
2. Require fast movements 3. Require precise coordination of articulator movement with voicing. 4. Require fine motor control 5. Require good respiratory support |
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A well-articulated stop should consist of: (4)
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1. Silence
2. Burst noise 3. Voice Onset Time (VOT) 4. Fast formant transitions |
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Which feature would be a cue to a stop manner of articulation?
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The silent gap
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When two stops occur together, silence is _______
a. shortened b. lengthened |
b. Lengthened
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What feature would be a cue to whether a stop is voiced or voiceless?
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Voice Onset Time (VOT)
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Which feature would cue to place of articulation?
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Formant transitions
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When do formant transitions occur?
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Formant transitions occur when lips or tongue are moving rapidly.
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When are formant transitions most clearly visible?
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They are most clearly visible when a stop is voiced.
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Formant Transition Cues:
F2 provides the most information about ________ of articulation. |
Place.
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Which type of sound demonstrates these characteristics?
All formants including F2 move down as you move from the vowel toward the consonant. a. Alveolars b. Bilabials c. Velars |
b. Bilabials
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Which type of sound demonstrates the following characteristics?
F2 points to a frequency of about 1800 Hz. a. Alveolars b. Bilabials c. Velars |
a. Alveolars
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Which type of sound demonstrates the following characteristics?
F2 and F3 tend to come together in a "pinch" a. Alveolars b. Bilabials c. Velars |
c. Velars
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List some potential problems with stops in disordered speech.
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Lack of complete closure
Slow articulator movement Failure to reach the correct place of articulation Failure to coordinate voicing and articulation Failure to coordinate opening/closing of the velum Stops may occur as additions/insertions or distortions of other sounds. |
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Which class of sounds produce a narrow channel at the appropriate place of articulation and force air through it?
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Fricatives
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Does the absence of vocal fold vibration always indicate that it is a voiceless fricative? Why?
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No. Vocal folds may not be vibrating for a voiced fricative.
Voicing is most often present at the onset and offset of the sound. |
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Duration is an important cue to voicing of a fricative.
Which fricatives are shorter, voiced or voiceless? |
Voiced fricatives are shorter.
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List the 3 things we can look at to analyze place of articulation:
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1. Cutoff frequency
2. Center of gravity 3. Spectral movements |
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Of the 3 measures to analyze place of articulation which is the easiest to measure?
a. Cutoff frequency b. Center of gravity c. Spectral movements |
b. Center of Gravity
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Define waveforms in terms of amplitude and time
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Waveforms = amplitude by time
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Define spectra in terms of amplitude and frequency
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Spectra = amplitude by frequency
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Define spectrograms in terms of frequency, time and amplitude.
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Spectrograms = frequency by time by amplitude
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What does the term harmonic mean?
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Harmonic means a sinusoid is an integer multiple of F0 (H1)
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If F0 is 150 Hz, what would H5 be?
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H5 = 750 Hz
F0 (150) X 5 = 750 |
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If H3 is 330 Hz, what would F0 be?
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F0 = 110
330 / 3 = 110 |
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What is the formula for period?
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f = 1/T
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Define period
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Period (T) = The time it takes to complete one cycle
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Spectrograms provide good _______ resolution but poor _____resolution.
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Frequency, Time
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How can you measure fundamental frequency from time?
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Find a cycle, measure its period
f = 1/T |
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How can you measure fundamental frequency from frequency?
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Find a harmonic, measure its frequency
F0 = harmonic frequency/harmonic number |
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Waveforms, spectra and spectrograms are inconvenient for looking at F0 ______
a. Across a wide area b. Over time |
b. Over time
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What characteristics of pitch will help your perception of a speaker as monotonic or animated, typical or odd, etc.
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F0 range
Number and size of F0 jumps Connection between phrasing, meaning and contour shape |
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Pitch range in a typical conversation:
F0 = ____Hz |
50 Hz
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Pitch range in a completely monotone speaker
F0 = ___Hz |
0 Hz
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Pitch range in an animated speaker
F0 = ___ Hz |
100 Hz +
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Define speaking fundamental frequency
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Mean F0 as taken from a read passage or conversation
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Define Maximum phonational frequency range (MPFR)
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The maximum range a speaker can reach
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Define F0SD (Standard Deviation)
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The standard deviation seen in a read passage or conversation
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Hertz
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A physical measure of cycles per second
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Mels
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A scale developed historically to measure equal differences in percieved pitch
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logHertz
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Converts the physical measure to something closer to percieved pitch
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Semitones
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Musical pitch - also a good perceptual measure
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Erbs
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Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth
ERB corresponds to a distance of about 0.80mm on the basilar membrane |
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Measurements in Hz do not take _____ into account
a. perception b. physical measures |
a. Perception
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True or false: A 1 semitone difference is equivalent throughout our hearing range
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True
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Hz is a ____
a. Physical measure b. Perceptual measure |
a. Physical measure
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ST is a _____
a. Physical measure b. Perceptual measure |
b. Perceptual measure
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Multiple resonant frequencies of the vocal tract are called:
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Formants
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Vowels are mainly characterized by the relationship among ______
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The first 3 formants
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High vowels = ____ F1
Low vowels = ____ F1 |
Low, high
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Front vowels: ___ has the lowest F1
Back vowels: ___ has the lowest F1 |
/i/, /u/
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Back vowels = ____ F2
Front vowels = ____ F2 |
low, high
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F1-F2 Plots
____ on the horizontal axis ____ on the vertical axis |
F1 on the horizontal axis
F2 on the vertical axis |
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An F1-F2 plot is used to depict ____
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Vowel space
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Integer multiples of F0 are called what
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Harmonics
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The number of cycles per second in vibration is called what
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Frequency
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Define sinusoid
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A smoothly varying shape that tells us a wave is a pure tone (visible from a waveform)
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What kind of spectrum is needed to visualize harmonics?
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Line spectrum
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How do you find F0 from a waveform?
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Find the time for one cycle
f = 1/T |
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How do you find F0 from a narrowband spectrum?
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Count harmonics and divide by harmonic number
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How do you find F0 from an FFT spectrum?
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Count harmonics and divide by harmonic number
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A wave consisting of two or more frequencies is a _____ sound.
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Complex
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A wave consisting of one frequency is a ____ sound.
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Simple
(Single sinusoid) |
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A series of frequencies systematically related to one another is a _____ sound.
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Periodic
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2 or more frequencies not systematically related to each other is a _____ sound
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Aperiodic
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