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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are Gametes?
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Sperm & 2nd oocyte
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What are 2 functions of the Gonads?
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Produce gametes.
Secrete sex hormones. |
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What is Gyneocology?
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The study of the female reproductive system
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What is Urology?
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The study of urinary system and male reproductive system.
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What is another name for "Somatic Cells"?
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Diploid Cells
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How many pairs of chromosomes are there in Somatic Cells?
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23 pairs, a total of 46.
1 member of each pair from each parent. |
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How many Autosomes in a Somatic cell?
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22
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How many sex chromosomes in a Somatic cell?
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1 pair
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What are the sex chromosomes found in a Somatic cell?
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Sex chromosomes are either X or Y.
Females have XX Males have XY (the Y is small) |
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What is a Haploid Cell?
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A Gamete!
(sperm or 2nd oocyte) |
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How many chromosomes in a Haploid cell?
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single set of chromosomes - a total of 23.
Note - haploid = gamete = sperm/2nd oocyte |
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How many chromosomes in a Gamete?
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single set of chromosomes - a total of 23.
Note - haploid = gamete = sperm/2nd oocyte |
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Gametes are produced by what type of division?
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Meiosis
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What occurs in Meiosis I - Prophase I?
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Chromosomes become visible.
Miotic spindle appears. Nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear. |
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What does Homologous mean?
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1 a : having the same relative position, value, or structure: as (1) : exhibiting biological homology (2) : having the same or allelic genes with genetic loci usually arranged in the same order <homologous chromosomes>
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What are the phases of Meiosis I?
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Prophase 1
Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 |
P.M.A.T
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What occurs during
Meiosis I: Metaphase I? |
Homologous pairs line up along the metaphase plate with attached microtubules.
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They all Met on the plate
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What occurs during
Meiosis I: Anaphase I? |
Each set of homologous chromatids, held together by a centomere, are pulled to opposite ends of the dividing cell.
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What occurs during
Meiosis I: Telophase I? |
Like cytokinesis - miotic division.
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What is the result of Meiosis I?
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2 cells with Haploid number of chromosomes.
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Meiosis I is like a divorce. Everything is halved, and both parties feel incomplete.
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What are the phases of Meiosis II?
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Prophase II
Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II |
P. MAT
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What is an overview of Meiosis II?
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Centomeres in the 2 new cells split.
Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles. Each daughter cell of meiosisI divides again in MeiosisII. Result= 4 genetically unique haploid cells. |
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Semen contains ___ plus ____ ___
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Sperm
plus Glandular secretions |
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What is a the scrotum?
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A sac of loose skin, fascia and smooth muscle, divided into 2 puuches by a septum.
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What causes the wrinkling of the scrotum?
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Dartos muscle
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How much cooler than core body temperature do sperm need to be kept?
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3 degrees lower than core body temperature
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What muscle elevates the testes when cold/aroused?
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Cremaster muscle in the spermatic cord
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What is the dense white capsule surrounding the testes called?
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Tunica albuginea
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What are the testes?
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Paired oval glands of the male reproductive system that produce sperm.
Measurement 2inch by 1 inch. |
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What is contained within the testes?
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2 or 3 seminiferous tubules (where sperm are formed)
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What are seminiferous tubules and where are they locate?
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They are the site of sperm production.
Located within the testes. |
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Where do the testes develop?
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Near the kidneys on the posterior abdominal wall
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Where do the testes descend from?
When? |
From the posterior abdominal wall (near the kidneys) thru the inguinal canal, into the scrotum.
In the 7th month of fetal development. |
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What peritoneum descends with the testes into the scrotal sac, allowing for easier movement?
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Tunica Vaginalis
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What is Cryptochidism?
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Testes do not descent into the scrotum
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What is the condition called where the testes do not descend?
When does this most commonly occur? |
Chryptochidism.
Premature infants. |
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________ is formation of sperm cells from spermatogonia.
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SPERMATOGENESIS is formation of sperm cells from spermatogonia.
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Spermatogenesis is formation of sperm cells from __________.
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Spermatogenesis is formation of sperm cells from SPERMATOGONIA.
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What are the 5 stages of sperm development/formation?
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1. Spermatagonia
2. Primary Spermatocyte 3. Secondary Spermatocyte 4. Spermatid 5. Spermatozoa |
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Testes:
______ cells in between tubules secrete testosterone. |
LEYDIG cells in between tubules secrete testosterone.
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What are 2 roles of STEROLI CELLS?
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1. form blood / testis barrier
2. support developing sperm cells 3. Produce fluid & contol release of sperm into the lumen 4. secrete inhibin which slows sperm prduction by inhibiting FSH |
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What effect does Inhibin have on sperm production?
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slows sperm prduction by inhibiting FSH
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What are Spermatogonium?
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sperm "stem cells"
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In spermatogenesis, spermatagonium give rise to 2 daughter cells. One daughter cell is kept in reserve- what happens to the other?
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The other - the PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE - goes thru Meiosis I (DNA replication, tetrad formation, crossing over).
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What happens to secondary spermatocytes?
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They go thru meiosis II, forming 4 spermatids!
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What is Spermiogenesis?
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Maturation of spermatids into sperm cells
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What is Spermiation?
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The release of a sperm cell from a steroli (sustentacular) cell.
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What is the name for "Maturation of spermatids into sperm cells"?
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Spermiogenesis
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What is the name for "The release of a sperm cell from a steroli (sustentacular) cell"?
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Spermiation
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What does a Sperm HEAD contain?
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DNA & Acrosome (hyaluronidase and proteinase enzymes)
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What does a sperm MIDPIECE contain?
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Mitochondria to form ATP
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What does a sperm TAIL contain?
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It is the flagellum, used for locomotion.
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What is the sperm designed with in mind?
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reaching and penetrating the secondary oocyte
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How does LH affect Leydig cells?
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It stimulates them to release testosterone
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What part of the brain increases the secretion of LH & FSH?
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The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary.
Anterior pituitary increases the secretion of LH & FSH. |
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In puberty an enzyme in the prostate and seminal vesicles converts testosterone into a more potent form. This form is called...
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DHT - Di-Hydro-Testosterone
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FSH stimulates what in males?
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Spermatogenesis
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FSH & testosterone stimulate Steroli cells to secrete..
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Androgen-binding protein (keep hormone levels high)
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What secondary sexual characteristics does testosterone and DHT encourage to occur?
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Sexual behavoiur. Libido.
Male metabolism (heavier muscle and bone mass). Deepening of voice. |
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What feedback system controls blood levels of Testosterone?
Describe it. |
Negative.
Receptors in Hypothalamus detect increase in blood levels. Secretion of GnRH slowed. Anterior pituitary (FSH & LH) slowed. Leydig cells slowed. Blood levels reduce. |
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What parts of the brain are involved in hormonal feedback regarding Testosterone levels in the blood?
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Hypothalamus & anterior pituitary
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Male:
What cells produce Inhibin? What is the effect of Inhibin? |
Steroli cells (testes)
Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion by anterior pituitary, decreasing sperm production. |
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What causes the Steroli cells to produce or not produce Inhibin?
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Sperm production.
Sufficient - produce inhibin Insufficient - do not prduce inhibin. |
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What will be secreted to increase Sperm production?
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FSH (anterior pituitary)
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Describe the pathway sperm follow through the ducts of the testes:
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Semniferous tubules -
Straight tubules - Rete testis - efferent ducts - Ductus epididymis - ductus vas deferens |
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What is the epididymis?
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A comma shaped organ, 1.5inch long, along the posterior border of each testis.
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What is the name of the comma shaped organ, 1.5inch long, along the posterior border of each testis?
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epididymis
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The epididymis is divided into 3 parts, what are these?
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The head, body and tail.
The head is the ductus epididymis, the tail continues as the ductus deferens. |
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The tail of the epididymis continues as the...
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ductus deferens
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The head of the epididymis is the...
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ductus epididymis
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If the epididymis was uncoiled, it would be ____feet long.
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20
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What role does the Epididymis play in sperm production?
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It is the site of sperm maturation.
Stored for 1-2 months. Then they are propelled onwards. |
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Describe the histology of the Ductus (Vas) deferens:
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18 inch muscular tube. ascends along posterior border of epididymis, thru spermatic cord, inguinal ligament.
Reaches posterior surface of urinary bladder. Empties into prostatic urethra with seminal vesicle. |
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Where does the Ductus Deferens empty into?
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The prostatic urethra
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How long to sperm stored in the Ductus deferens remain viable for?
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Several months
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Name 2 structures passing through the spermatic cord to and from the testes:
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Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins Autonomic nerves Lymphatic vessels Ductus deferens Cremaster muscle |
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What is the name for surgical sterilisation of the male?
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Vasectomy
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What in involved in a Vasectomy?
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Vas Deferens is cut and tied off. Sperm degenerate but production continues.
100% effective. 40% reversible. |
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What is the inguinal canal?
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2 inch long tunnel passing thru the 3 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall.
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What is an Inguinal Hernia?
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Weaking of the wall of the Inguinal canal, resulting in a loop of intestine pushing through the wall.
More common in males. |
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Ejaculatory ducts are formed from...
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Duct of seminal vesicles and ampulla of vas deferens
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What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?
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Prostatic Urethra.
Membranous Urethra. Penile/Spongy urethra. (P.M.S) |
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What are 2 accessory sex glands : Male
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Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland Bulbourethral (cowper's) gland |
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Describe a traits of the fluid in the seminal vesicle
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Alkaline
Viscous |
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Describe 2 purposes of the fluid in the seminal vesicle
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Neutralise vaginal acid and male urethra.
Fructose for ATP production. Prostoglandins for sperm motility. Clotting proteins for coagulation of semen. |
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Describe the prostate gland:
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Single organ the size of a walnut.
Found inferior to the bladder. |
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What does the prostate gland secrete and why?
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Milky PH6.5 fluid.
Increses sperm motility and viability. Citric acid for ATP. |
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Describe the Bulbourethral/Cowper's Gland:
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Paired, pea shaped gland within the UG diaphragm.
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What does the Bulbourethral gland secrete and why?
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Secretes alkaline mucous into spongy urethra.
Neurtalises acids and lubricates. |
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What is Semen?
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A mixture of sperm and seminal fluid.
Glandular secretions, fluids of semineferous tubules, nutrients, clotting proteins and antibiotic seminalplasmin. |
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What is a normal sperm count?
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50-150 million
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What tissue is the penis comprised of?
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2 erectile tissue masses filled with blood sinuses.
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What are the 4 regions of the penis?
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Bulb.
Crura. Body. Glans Penis. |
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What are the 2 layers in a cross section of the penis?
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Corpora cavernosa.
Corpus spongiosum. |
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What are the 2 root penile muscles?
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Bulbospongiosus & ischiocavernosus muscle.
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Is erection caused by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
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Parasympathetic.
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What cell type is the bladder?
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Tansitional epithelium
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What do the ovaries produce?
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2nd oocytes and hormones
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What hormones do the ovaries produce?
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Progesterone
Oestrogen Inhibin Relaxin |
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What are the ovaries?
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Pair of organs the size of unshelled almonds found in upper pelvic region.
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What are the 4 layers of the ovary? (superficial to deep)
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Germinal epithelium
tunica albuginea Cortex medulla |
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What are the 5 Reprouctive ligaments : female anatomy
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Broad, round, mesovarium, ovarian, suspensory.
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What are the 5 stages of follicular development?
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Primordial
Primary Secondary Graafian Ovulation |
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What is the corpus luteum?
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The left over "sac" or wound from ovulation. Fills with hormone secreting cells.
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What is corpus albicans?
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The white scar left after the corpus luteum is not needed.
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