Acid/base

Front 1

acid

Back 1

a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

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acidosis

Back 2

a condition that occurs with increases in blood carbonic acid or with decreases in blood bicarbonate; blood pH below 7.35

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active transport

Back 3

movement of substances across cell membranes against the concentration gradient

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agglutinins

Back 4

specific antibodies formed in the blood

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agglutinogens

Back 5

a substance that acts as an antigen and stimulates the production of agglutinins

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alkalosis

Back 6

a condition that occurs with increases in blood bicarbonate or decreases in blood carbonic acid; blood pH above 7.45

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anions

Back 7

ions carrying a negative charge and include chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate

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anoxemia

Back 8

reduced oxygen in the blood

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arterial blood gas

Back 9

test performed to evaluate the client's acid-base balance and oxygenation

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bases

Back 10

(alkalis) have low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept hydrogen ions in solution

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buffers

Back 11

prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or releasing hydrogen ions

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cations

Back 12

ions that carry a positive charge and include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++), and magnesium (Mg++)

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central venous catheter

Back 13

catheter that is usually inserted into the subclavian or jugular vein, with the distal tip of the catheter resting in the superior vena cava just above the right atrium

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colloid osmotic pressure

Back 14

a pulling force exerted by colloids that help maintain the water content of blood

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colloids

Back 15

substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions

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compensation

Back 16

defense mechanism in which a person substitutes an activity for one that they would prefer doing or cannot do

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crystalloids

Back 17

salts that dissolve readily into true solutions

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dehydration

Back 18

insufficient fluid in the body

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drip factor

Back 19

(drop factor) the number of drops per milliliter of solution delivered for a particular drip chamber

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electrolytes

Back 20

chemical substances that develop an electric charge and are able to conduct an electric current when placed in water; ions

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extracellular fluid ECF

Back 21

fluid found outside the body cells

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filtration

Back 22

passage through a material that restricts or prevents passage of certain molecules

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filtration pressure

Back 23

the pressure in the compartment that results in the movement of fluid and substances dissolved in fluid out of the compartment

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fluid volume deficit FVD

Back 24

(hypovolemia) loss of both water and electrolytes in similar proportions from the ECF

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fluid volume excess FVE

Back 25

(hypervolemia) retention of both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal ECF

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Hemolytic transfusion reaction

Back 26

destruction of red blood cells as a result of transfusion of incompatible blood

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hydrostatic pressure

Back 27

the pressure a liquid exerts on the sides of the container that holds it; also called filtration force

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Hypercalcemia

Back 28

an excess of calcium in the blood plasma

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Hyperchloremia

Back 29

an excess of chloride in the blood plasma

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hyperkalemia

Back 30

an excess of potassium in the blood plasma

Front 31

Hypermagnesemia

Back 31

an excess of magnesium in the blood plasma

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Hypernatremia

Back 32

an excess of sodium in the blood plasma

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Hyperphosphatemia

Back 33

an excess of phosphate in the blood plasma

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hypertonic

Back 34

solutions that have a higher osmolality than body fluids

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hypervolemia

Back 35

increased blood volume

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hypocalcemia

Back 36

deficiency of calcium in the blood plasma

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Hypochloremia

Back 37

deficiency of chloride in the blood plasma

Front 38

Hypokalemia

Back 38

deficiency of potassium in the blood plasma

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Hypomagnesemia

Back 39

deficiency of magnesium in the blood plasma

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Hyponatremia

Back 40

deficiency of sodium in the blood plasma

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Hypophosphatemia

Back 41

deficiency in phosphate in the blood plasma

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hypotonic

Back 42

solutions that have a lower osmolality than body fluids

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hypovolemia

Back 43

an abnormal reduction in blood volume

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insensible fluid loss

Back 44

fluid loss that is not perceptible to the individual

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interstitial fluid

Back 45

fluid that surrounds the cells, includes lymph

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intracellular fluid (ICF)

Back 46

fluid found within the body cells, also called cellular fluid

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Intravascular fluid

Back 47

plasma

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ions

Back 48

atoms or group of atoms that carry a positive or negative electric charge; electrolytes

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isotonic

Back 49

solutions that have the same osmolality as body fluids

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Metabolic acidosis

Back 50

a condition characterized by a deficiency of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body, in which the pH falls to less than 7.35

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metabolic alkalosis

Back 51

a condition characterized by an excess of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH rises to greater than 7.45

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Milliequivalent

Back 52

one-thousandth of an equivalent, which is the chemical combining power of a substance

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obligatory losses

Back 53

essential fluid losses required to maintain body functioning

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Oncotic pressure

Back 54

see colloid osmotic pressure

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osmolarity

Back 55

the concentration of solutes in body fluids

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osmosis

Back 56

passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration

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osmotic pressure

Back 57

pressure exerted by the number of nondiffusable particles in a solution; the amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of water across a membrane

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overhydration

Back 58

occurs when water is gained in excess of electrolytes, resulting in low serum osmolality and low serum sodium levels, also known as hypo-osmolar imbalance or water intoxication

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Peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC)

Back 59

catheter inserted in the basilic or cephalic vein just above or below the antecubital space

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pH

Back 60

a measure of the relative alkalinity or acidity of a solution; a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions

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pitting edema

Back 61

edema in which firm finger pressure on the skin produces an indentation (pit) that remains for several seconds

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plasma

Back 62

the fluid portion of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended

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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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system initiated by specialized receptors in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney nephrons that respond to changes in renal perfusion

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Respiratory acidosis

Back 64

(hypercapnia) a state of excess carbon dioxide in the body

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Respiratory alkalosis

Back 65

a state of excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body

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Selectively permeable

Back 66

cell membranes that allow substances move across them with varying degrees of ease

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solutes

Back 67

substances dissolved in a liquid

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solvent

Back 68

the liquid in which a solute is dissolved

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third space syndrome

Back 69

fluid shifts from the vascular space into an area where it is not readily accessible as extracellular fluid

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transcellular fluid

Back 70

compartment of extracellular fluids, which include cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, and synovial fluids

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volume expanders

Back 71

used to increase the blood volume following severe loss of blood (e.g., from hemorrhage) or loss of plasma (e.g., from severe burns, which draw large amounts of plasma from the bloodstream to the burn site)